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- Hate crime laws: Final report   flag 

[2021] EWLC 402
Law Commission
United Kingdom

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name Provision
Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) s18C
Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) s93Z
Registration Act 1855 (NSW)
Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s4A, s124, s131A
Racial Vilification Act 1996 (SA) s3, s4
Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 (Tas) s3, s19
Broadcasting Act 1990
1991 Act
Criminal Damage Act 1991 s2
Equal Status Act 2000
Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997 s2, s3, s4, s5, s9, s10, s13
Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred Act 1989 s3

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index † 
Gertz v Robert Welch, Inc 418 US 323; 41 L Ed 2d 789; 94 SCt 2997 United States Supreme Court United States 25 Jun 1974 WorldLII flag 480
Miller v California 413 US 15; 37 L Ed 2d 419; 93 SCt 2607 United States Supreme Court United States 9 Oct 1973 WorldLII flag 455
Chaplinsky v New Hampshire 315 US 568; 86 L Ed 1031; 62 SCt 766 United States Supreme Court United States 9 Mar 1942 WorldLII flag 336
Brandenburg v Ohio 395 US 444; 89 SCt 1827; 23 L Ed 2; 23 L Ed 2d 430 United States Supreme Court United States 9 Jun 1969 WorldLII flag 288
R v Jogee [2016] UKSC 8; [2017] AC 387; [2016] 2 All ER 1; [2016] 2 WLR 681; [2016] 1 Cr App R 31 United Kingdom Supreme Court United Kingdom 18 Feb 2016 BAILII flag 158
D v Kapoor v Union of India [1990] INSC 224; 1990 4 SCC 314; 1990 3 SCR 697; 1990 2 SCALE 175; 1990 3 JT 403; AIR 1990 SC 1923; [1990] SCC (L & S) 696 Supreme Court of India India 7 Aug 1990 LIIofIndia flag 144
Mandla (Sewa Singh) v Dowell Lee [1982] UKHL 7; [1983] 2 AC 548; [1983] 1 All ER 1062; [1983] 2 WLR 620; [1983] IRLR 209; [1983] ICR 385 House of Lords United Kingdom 24 Mar 1982 BAILII flag 120
R (Williamson) v Secretary of State for Education and Employment [2005] UKHL 15; [2005] 2 AC 246; [2005] 2 All ER 1; [2005] 2 WLR 590; [2005] ELR 291 House of Lords United Kingdom 24 Feb 2005 BAILII flag 112
(1884) 14 QBD 273 (1884) 14 QBD 273 Queen's Bench United Kingdom circa 1884 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 108
R v Newton (1983) 77 Cr App R 13; (1982) 4 Cr App R (S) 388; [1983] Crim LR 198 United Kingdom circa 1983 LexisNexis flag 103
Re B Johnson & Co (Builders) Ltd [1955] Ch 634; [1955] 2 All ER 775; [1955] 3 WLR 269 Court of Chancery United Kingdom circa 1955 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 99
Goodwin v United Kingdom [1996] ECHR 16; (1996) 22 EHRR 123; 1 BHRC 81 European Court of Human Rights Europe 27 Mar 1996 BAILII flag 84
Murray v Express Newspapers plc [2008] EWCA Civ 446; [2008] All ER (D) 70; [2008] 3 WLR 1360; [2008] UKHRR 736; [2008] HRLR 33; [2008] Fam Law 732; [2008] EMLR 12; [2008] ECDR 12 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Civil Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 7 May 2008 BAILII flag 82
Ealing London Borough Council v Race Relations Board [1971] UKHL 3; [1972] AC 342; [1972] 2 WLR 71 House of Lords United Kingdom 16 Dec 1971 BAILII flag 75
2 Act 1986 2 Act 1986 United Kingdom circa 1986 flag 65
R v Boal [1992] QB 591; [1992] 3 All ER 177; (1992) 95 Cr App R 272; [1992] 2 WLR 890; [1992] BCLC 872 United Kingdom circa 1992 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 63
Redmond-Bate v DPP [1999] EWHC Admin 733; (1999) 7 BHRC 375; 163 JP 789; [1999] Crim LR 998; [2000] HRLR 249 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales 23 Jul 1999 BAILII flag 61
R v Greenfield (1973) 3 All ER 1050; (1973) 57 Cr App R 849; [1973] 1 WLR 1151 United Kingdom circa 1973 LexisNexis flag 57
R v Underwood [2004] EWCA Crim 2256; [2005] 1 Cr App R 13; [2005] 1 Cr App R (S) 90 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 30 Jul 2004 BAILII flag 53
In re JR38 [2015] UKSC 42; [2016] AC 1131; [2015] 3 WLR 155 United Kingdom Supreme Court United Kingdom 1 Jul 2015 BAILII flag 43
White v White [2001] UKHL 9; [2001] 2 All ER 43; [2001] 1 All ER (Comm) 1105; [2001] 1 WLR 481; [2001] Lloyds Rep IR 493; [2001] 1 Lloyds Rep 679; [2001] RTR 25; [2001] PIQR P20 House of Lords United Kingdom 1 Mar 2001 BAILII flag 37
Edwards v National Audubon Society, Inc 556 F2d 113; 2 Media LRep 1849 United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit United States 25 May 1977 WorldLII flag 37
Sullivan, Gibbs, Elener and Elener [2004] EWCA Crim 1762; [2005] 1 Cr App R (S) 67; [2005] Cr App R (S) 308; [2005] 1 Cr App R (S) 308; [2005] 1 Cr App R 3 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 8 Jul 2004 BAILII flag 34
R v Last [2005] EWCA Crim 106; [2005] 2 Cr App R (S) 64 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 25 Jan 2005 BAILII flag 28
R v Bourne (1952) 36 Cr App R 125 United Kingdom circa 1952 LexisNexis flag 26
Westminster City Council v Croyalgrange Ltd [1986] UKHL 9; [1986] 2 All ER 353; 83 Cr App R 155; [1986] Crim LR 693; [1986] 1 WLR 674; 84 LGR 801; (1986) 150 JP 449 House of Lords United Kingdom 15 May 1986 BAILII flag 24
Kelly , R v [2001] EWCA Crim 170; [2001] 2 Cr App R (S) 73; [2001] Crim LR 411 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 6 Feb 2001 BAILII flag 23
Gibson v Barton (1875) LR 10 QB 329 United Kingdom circa 1875 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 23
R v Solomon and Triumph (1984) 6 Cr App R (S) 120; [1984] Crim LR 433 United Kingdom circa 1984 flag 21
Dunn v R [2007] NSWCCA 312 Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal Australia - New South Wales 13 Nov 2007 AustLII flag 20
Commission for Racial Equality v Dutton [1988] EWCA Civ 17; [1989] QB 783; [1989] 1 All ER 306; [1989] IRLR 8; [1989] 2 WLR 17 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Civil Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 27 Jul 1988 BAILII flag 20
Parkin v Norman; Valentine v Lilley [1983] QB 92; [1982] 2 All ER 583; [1982] 3 WLR 523 United Kingdom circa 1983 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 19
Scottow v Crown Prosecution Service [2020] EWHC 3421; [2020] EWHC 3421 (Admin); [2021] Crim LR 315; [2021] 1 WLR 1828 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales 16 Dec 2020 BAILII flag 17
Stosiek (1982) 4 Cr App R (S) 205 United Kingdom circa 1982 flag 15
[2004] Ewca Crim 631 [2004] EWCA Crim 631 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2004 BAILII flag 13
Chambers v DPP [2012] EWHC 2157; [2012] EWHC 2157 (Admin); [2013] 1 WLR 1833 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales 27 Jul 2012 BAILII flag 12
McClintock v Department of Constitutional Affairs [2007] UKEAT 0223_07_3110; [2008] IRLR 29 Employment Appeals Tribunal United Kingdom 31 Oct 2007 BAILII flag 12
Illinois ex rel Madigan v Telemarketing Assocs , Inc 538 US 600; 155 L Ed 2d 793; 123 SCt 1829 United States Supreme Court United States 5 May 2003 WorldLII flag 11
R v Sheppard [2010] EWCA Crim 65; [2010] 1 WLR 2779 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2010 BAILII flag 10
R (Hodkin) v Registrar General of Marriages [2013] UKSC 77; [2014] 1 AC 610; [2014] 2 WLR 23 United Kingdom Supreme Court United Kingdom 11 Dec 2013 BAILII flag 9
Registrar General ex parte Segerdal [1970] 2 QB 697; [1970] 3 All ER 886; [1970] 3 WLR 479 United Kingdom circa 1970 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 9
R v Hobson [2013] EWCA Crim 819; [2013] 1 WLR 3733; [2013] 2 Cr App R 27 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 23 May 2013 BAILII flag 8
[2000] 1 Cr App R 458; 2 Cr App R (S) 71 [2000] 1 Cr App R 458; 2 Cr App R (S) 71 United Kingdom circa 2000 LexisNexis flag 8
R v White (Anthony) [2001] EWCA Crim 216; [2001] 1 WLR 1352 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 14 Feb 2001 BAILII flag 7
[1995] Ukhl 16 [1995] UKHL 16 House of Lords United Kingdom circa 1995 BAILII flag 7
Goldman v R [1980] 1 SCR 976 Supreme Court of Canada Canada 21 Dec 1979 Supreme Court of Canada flag 7
R v Allday [1839] EngR 199; 173 ER 431; (1839) 8 C & P 136 United Kingdom circa 1839 CommonLII flag 7
Attorney General's Reference (No 4 of 2004), Re [2005] EWCA Crim 889; [2005] 1 WLR 2810; [2005] All ER (D) 332 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2005 BAILII flag 6
DPP v M [2004] EWHC 1453; [2004] EWHC 1453 (Admin); [2004] 1 WLR 2758; [2004] All ER (D) 358 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales 25 May 2004 BAILII flag 6
(The Presumption of Innocence in English Criminal Law [1996] Crim LR 306 United Kingdom circa 1996 Westlaw flag 6
R v S H [2010] EWCA Crim 1931 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 3 Aug 2010 BAILII flag 5
R v Rogers [2007] UKHL 8; (2007) 23 BHRC 88 House of Lords United Kingdom 28 Feb 2007 BAILII flag 5
R v Davies [2008] EWCA Crim 1055 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 21 Apr 2008 BAILII flag 4
R v Robinson [2004] NSWSC 465 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 28 May 2004 AustLII flag 4
Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny [1999] CM 4262-I Canadian Courts Martial Canada circa 1999 CanLII flag 4
Attorney General s Reference (No 1 of 2020) [2020] EWCA Crim 665; [2021] QB 441 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 4 Mar 2020 BAILII flag 3
R v Burns [2017] EWCA Crim 1466 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 7 Sep 2017 BAILII flag 3
R v Marakah [2017] 2 SCR 608 circa 2017 3
R v O’Leary [2015] EWCA Crim 1306; [2016] 1 Cr App R (S) 11 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 30 Jul 2015 BAILII flag 3
R v b [2013] EWCA Crim 291 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2013 BAILII flag 3
British Chiropractic Association v Singh [2009] EWHC 1101 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2009 BAILII flag 3
McGillivray [2005] EWCA Crim 604; [2005] Cr App R (S) 60 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2005 BAILII flag 3
Chipunza [2021] EWCA Crim 597 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 23 Apr 2021 BAILII flag 2
R (Harrison) v Justice Secretary [2020] EWHC 2096 (Admin); [2020] HRLR 18 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales 31 Jul 2020 BAILII flag 2
R v Bitton [2019] EWCA Crim 1372 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 5 Jun 2019 BAILII flag 2
Smyth, Re Judicial Review [2017] NIQB 55 High Court of Justice in Northern Ireland - Queens Bench United Kingdom - Northern Ireland 9 Jun 2017 BAILII flag 2
R (Fox) v Secretary of State for Education [2015] EWHC 3404 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2015 BAILII flag 2
TELUS Communications Co v R [2013] 2 SCR 3; [2013] SCC 16 circa 2013 2
"Conceptualising “ Racism ” in Criminal Law" (2013) 33 Legal Studies 215 Legal Studies United Kingdom circa 2013 Wiley ScienceDirect flag 2
R v Sadique [2011] EWCA Crim 2872; [2012] 2 All ER 793; [2012] 1 WLR 1700; [2012] 1 Cr App R 257; [2011] All ER (D) 99 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2011 BAILII flag 2
Blue, R v [2008] EWCA Crim 769 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 3 Apr 2008 BAILII flag 2
Babbs, R v [2007] EWCA Crim 2737; [2007] All ER (D) 383 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 25 Oct 2007 BAILII flag 2
Reil [2006] EWCA Crim 3141 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2006 BAILII flag 2
[2004] Ewca Crim 924 [2004] EWCA Crim 924 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2004 BAILII flag 2
DPP v Stoke-on-Trent Magistrates' Court [2003] EWHC 1593 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2003 BAILII flag 2
DPP v Woods [2002] EWHC 85 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales 22 Jan 2002 BAILII flag 2
DPP v Pal [2000] Criminal Law Review 756 Criminal Law Review United Kingdom circa 2000 Westlaw flag 2
"Rethinking Non-fatal Offences against the Person" (1994) 14 (3) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 335 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies United Kingdom circa 1994 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 2
Bailey [2011] EWCA Crim 1979 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 1979 BAILII flag 2
R v Robert K [2008] EWCA Crim 1923 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 1923 BAILII flag 2
Forstater v CGD Europe [2021] UKEAT 0105/20/JOJ Employment Appeals Tribunal United Kingdom circa 2021 BAILII flag 1
(2021) 10 Criminal Law Review 809 (2021) 10 Criminal Law Review 809 Criminal Law Review United Kingdom circa 2021 Westlaw flag 1
(2021) 85 (5) Journal of Criminal Law 362 (2021) 85 (5) Journal of Criminal Law 362 Journal of Criminal Law United Kingdom circa 2021 HeinOnline flag 1
[2021] Head 2 [2021] Head 2 United States - Tennessee circa 2021 flag 1
[2021] CP 394 [2021] CP 394 Court of Common Pleas United Kingdom circa 2021 flag 1
R v Gaskin (Arthur) [2019] EWCA Crim 1048 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2019 BAILII flag 1
Casamitjana Costa v The League Against Cruel Sports [2020] ET 3331129/2018 United Kingdom circa 2018 flag 1
Conisbee v Crossley Farms Ltd &   Others [2019] ET 3335357/2018 United Kingdom circa 2018 flag 1
(2017) 57 British Journal of Criminology 1 (2017) 57 British Journal of Criminology 1 British Journal of Criminology United Kingdom circa 2017 HeinOnline / Westlaw flag 1
Gibbins v British Council [2017] ET 2200088/2017 United Kingdom circa 2017 flag 1
Consistency, Practical and Formal Approaches� (2016) 29 Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 275 Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence Canada circa 2016 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Harron v Chief Constable of Dorset Police [2016] UKEAT 0234/15/DA Employment Appeals Tribunal United Kingdom circa 2016 BAILII flag 1
(2015) 41 Australian Feminist Law Journal 177 (2015) 41 Australian Feminist Law Journal 177 Australian Feminist Law Journal Australia circa 2015 HeinOnline / Informit flag 1
Chandhok &   Anor v Tirkey [2014] UKEAT 0190_14_1912 Employment Appeals Tribunal United Kingdom 19 Dec 2014 BAILII flag 1
(2014) 34 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 47 (2014) 34 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 47 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies United Kingdom circa 2014 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
(2014) 77 Modern Law Review 563 (2014) 77 Modern Law Review 563 Modern Law Review United Kingdom circa 2014 HeinOnline flag 1
(2014) 14 (5) Criminology and Criminal Justice 549 (2014) 14 (5) Criminology and Criminal Justice 549 Criminology and Criminal Justice circa 2014 1
Experiences of Targeted Victimization Among Goths and Developing Notions of Hate Crime’� (2014) 54 British Journal of Criminology 613 British Journal of Criminology United Kingdom circa 2014 HeinOnline / Westlaw flag 1
Olivier v Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) [2013] ET 1701407/2013 United Kingdom circa 2013 flag 1
Lisk v Shield Guardian Co Ltd [2011] ET 3300873/112011 United Kingdom circa 2011 flag 1
[2010] CompLRes 3 [2010] CompLRes 3 Computerisation of Law Resources (AustLII) Australia circa 2010 AustLII flag 1
M Pinto, †What Are Offences to Feelings Really About? A New Regulative Principle for the Multicultural Era†(2010) 30 (4) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 695 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies United Kingdom circa 2010 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
(2009) 4 Criminal Law Review 245 (2009) 4 Criminal Law Review 245 Criminal Law Review United Kingdom circa 2009 Westlaw flag 1
Ors v Nicolson [2009] UKEAT 0219 Employment Appeals Tribunal United Kingdom circa 2009 BAILII flag 1
Ors v Nicolson [2009] UKEAT 0219/09/0311 Employment Appeals Tribunal United Kingdom circa 2009 BAILII flag 1
R v Herbert, Harris, Hulme, Hulme and Mallet [2008] EWCA Crim 2051 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2008 BAILII flag 1
R (Blewett) v Derbyshire CC [2008] EWHC 2775 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2008 BAILII flag 1
DPP v Howard [2008] EWHC 608 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2008 BAILII flag 1
Jameel v Wall Street Journal Europe Sprl [2006] HL 44 United Kingdom circa 2006 flag 1
G v DPP [2004] EWHC 183 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2004 BAILII flag 1
[2004] Ewhc 183 [2004] EWHC 183 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2004 BAILII flag 1
Peck v United Kingdom [2003] EHRR 287 European Court of Human Rights Europe circa 2003 flag 1
R v Fitzgerald [2003] EWCA Crim 2875 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2003 BAILII flag 1
"Vegan Discrimination: An Emerging And Difficult Dilemma" (2003) 36 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 1709 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review United States circa 2003 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
[1990] CM 962 [1990] CM 962 Canadian Courts Martial Canada circa 1990 CanLII flag 1
(1989) 298 British Medical Journal 260 (1989) 298 British Medical Journal 260 British Medical Journal United Kingdom circa 1989 flag 1
611 Fla 612 611 Fla 612 United States - Florida circa 2010 flag 1
589 HL 111 589 HL 111 United Kingdom flag 1
256 Head 3 256 Head 3 United States - Tennessee flag 1
255 Head 2 255 Head 2 United States - Tennessee flag 1
52 JP 215 52 JP 215 United Kingdom flag 1
R (Miller) v College of Policing [2020] EWHC 255 (Admin); [2020] EWHC 225; [2020] HRLR 10 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2020 BAILII flag
Pwr, Akdogan and Demir v DPP [2020] EWHC 798 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2020 BAILII flag
R (Dyer) v Watford Magistrates Court [2013] EWHC 547 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2013 BAILII flag
Jones v DPP (DPP) [2010] EWHC 523 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2010 BAILII flag
Johnson v DPP [2008] EWHC 509 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2008 BAILII flag
Kendall v South East Essex Magistrates’ Court [2008] EWHC 1848 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2008 BAILII flag
Taylor v DPP [2006] EWHC 1202 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2006 BAILII flag
Parry [2004] EWHC 3112 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2004 BAILII flag
DPP v Green [2004] EWHC 1225 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2004 BAILII flag
Jameel v Wall Street Journal [2003] EWHC 37 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2003 BAILII flag
McFarlane [2002] EWHC 485 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2002 BAILII flag
DPP v Pal [2000] EWHC 656 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2000 BAILII flag
Forstater v CGD Europe

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