Civil Evidence Act 1968

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1. Hearsay evidence to be admissible only by virtue of this Act and other statutory provisions, or by agreement
2. Admissibility of out-of-court statements as evidence of facts stated
3: Witness's previous statement, if proved, to be evidence of facts stated
4. Admissibility of certain records as evidence of facts stated
5. Admissibility of statements produced by computers
6. Provisions supplementary to ss. 2 to 5
7. Admissibility of evidence as to credibility of maker etc. of statement admitted under s. 2 or 4
8. Rules of court
9. Admissibility of certain hearsay evidence formerly admissible at common law
10. Interpretation of Part I, and application to arbitrations, etc.

11. Convictions as evidence in civil proceedings
12. Findings of adultery and paternity as evidence in civil proceedings
13. Conclusiveness of convictions for purposes of defamation actions

14. Privilege against incrimination of self or spouse
15. Privilege for certain communications relating to patent proceedings
16. Abolition of certain privileges
17. Consequential amendments relating to privilege

18. General interpretation, and savings
19. Northern Ireland
20. Short title, repeals, extent and commencement

An Act to amend the law of evidence in relation to civil proceedings, and in respect of the privilege against self-incrimination to make corresponding amendments in relation to statutory powers of inspection or investigation

Northern Ireland. This Act does not, in general, apply; see s. 20(3), post.

1. Hearsay evidence to be admissible only by virtue of this Act and other statutory provisions, or by agreement

(1) In any civil proceedings a statement other than one made by a person while giving oral evidence in those proceedings shall be admissible as evidence of any fact stated therein to the extent that it is so admissible by virtue of any provision of this Part of this Act or by virtue of any other statutory provision or by agreement of the parties, but not otherwise.

(2) In this section "statutory provision" means any provision contained in, or in an instrument made under, this or any other Act, including any Act passed after this Act.
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Oral evidence. See as to persons suffering from a defect of speech or hearing, s. 18(6), post.

Admissible as evidence. There is authority for saying that, where a statement is admissible as evidence under this Act, the court, or at least a judge sitting alone, has no discretion as to whether or not to admit it; see Ozzard-Low v. Ozzard-Low and Wonham, [1953] P. 272; [1953] 2 All E.R. 550, and Hilton v. Lancashire Dynamo, Ltd., [1964] 2 All E.R. 769; but see Infields, Ltd. v. Rosen, [1939] 1 All E.R. 121, and s. 18(5), post.

Any other statutory provision. The Evidence Act 1938, s. 1, being repealed by s. 20(2), post, there does not appear at present to be any other statutory provision, as defined in sub-s. (2) of this section.

There is authority for saying that such an agreement as is referred to in this section is not binding on an infant unless it is for his benefit; see Rhodes v. Swithenbank (1889), 22 Q.B.D. 577, C.A. It would seem to follow that a nudum pactum is not binding. Yet, it seems also clear that, once the agreement has been carried out, no objection can be taken on the ground that evidence admitted would not have been admissible but for the agreement.

But not otherwise. This abolishes the common law exceptions to the rule against hearsay, some of which are, however, turned into statutory exceptions by s. 9, post.

Definitions. For "civil proceedings", see s. 18(1), post, and for "statement", see s. 10(1), post. Note as to "statutory provision", sub-s. (2) of this section.
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(1) In any civil proceedings a statement made, whether orally or in a document or otherwise, by any person, whether called as a witness in those proceedings or not, shall, subject to this section and to rules of court, be admissible as evidence of any fact stated therein of which direct oral evidence by him would be admissible.

(2) Where in any civil proceedings a party desiring to give a statement in evidence by virtue of this section has called or intends to call as a witness in the proceedings the person by whom the statement was made, the statement-

(a) shall not be given in evidence by virtue of this section on behalf of that party without the leave of the court; and

(b) without prejudice to paragraph (a) above, shall not be given in evidence by virtue of this section on behalf of that party before the conclusion of the examination-in-chief of the person by whom it was made, except-

(i) where before that person is called the court allows evidence of the making of the statement to be given on behalf of that party by some other person; or

(ii) in so far as the court allows the person by whom the statement was made to narrate it in the course of his examination-in-chief on the ground that to prevent him from doing so would adversely affect the intelligibility of his evidence.

(3) Where in any civil proceedings a statement which was made otherwise than in a document is admissible by virtue of this section, no evidence other than direct oral evidence by the person who made the statement or any person who heard or otherwise perceived it being made shall be admissible for the purpose of proving it:

Provided that if the statement in question was made by a person while giving oral evidence in some other legal proceedings (whether civil or criminal) it may be proved in any manner authorised by the court.

General Note. This section, which has a forerunner in the Evidence Act 1938, s. 1 (repealed by s. 20(2), post), makes, in the words used by the Lord Chancellor on the second reading of the Bill for the Act in the House of Lords, "‘first-hand hearsay’ generally admissible, but subject to rules of court" (288 H. of L. Official Report 1341, 1342).

Statement made ... in a document or otherwise. The Act does not require that, where the statement is made in a document, the original document must be produced. It follows that secondary, evidence of the document may be admissible for the purpose of proving it; cf. 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 265.

Note as to proving a statement made otherwise than in a document, sub-s. (3) of this section.

Subject to sub-s. (2) and (where applicable) sub-s. (3) of this section, a previous statement of a witness may be given in evidence under this section by the party who has called him as a witness in order to contradict his oral evidence; cf. Harvey v. Smith-Wood, [1964] 2 Q.B. 171; [1963] 2 All E.R. 127; but see Cartwright v. Richardson & Co., Ltd., [1955] 1 All E.R. 742.

Rules of court. For meaning and power of the rule-making authority to make rules for the purposes of this Act, see the Interpretation Act 1889, s. 14, Vol. 32, title Statutes. See also as to the rule-making authority, particularly, the Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1923, s. 99, Vol. 25, title Practice and Procedure; the County Courts Act 1959, s. 102, Vol. 7, p. 366; and the Justices of the Peace Act 1949, s. 15, Vol. 21, title Magistrates.

For supplementary provisions, see s. 8, post; and see also s. 10(3), (4), post.

No rules of court had been made for the purposes of this Act up to 28th April 1969.

Direct oral evidence, etc. The expression "direct oral evidence" is taken from the Criminal Evidence Act 1965, s. 1(1), p. 907, ante.

Direct oral evidence would normally be admissible under the best evidence rule, as to which, see 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 264, 265.

As to facts which may be proved, see 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 279 et seq., and as to the competency of witnesses in civil proceedings, see 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 418, 419. See also as to persons suffering from a defect of speech or hearing, s. 15(6), post.

No evidence other than direct oral evidence, etc. This prohibition is (subject to the proviso to sub-s. (3)) absolute and applies even where its effect is that the statement cannot be proved at all.

Hearsay evidence formerly admissible at common law. For provisions as to the admissibility of certain evidence formerly admissible at common law, see s. 9, post.

Definitions. For "civil proceedings" see 18(1), post; for "court" and "legal proceedings", see s. 18(2), post; and "statement", see s. 10(1) post.
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(a) a previous inconsistent or contradictory statement made by a person called as a witness in those proceedings is proved by virtue of section 3, 4, or 5 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1865; or

(b) a previous statement made by a person called as aforesaid is proved for the purpose of rebutting a suggestion that his evidence has been fabricated,

that statement shall by virtue of this subsection be admissible as evidence of any fact stated therein of which direct oral evidence by him would be admissible.

(2) Nothing in this Act shall affect any of the rules of law relating to the circumstances in which, where a person called as a witness in any civil proceedings is cross-examined on a document used by him to refresh his memory, that document may be made evidence in those proceedings; and where a document or any part of a document is received in evidence in any such proceedings by virtue of any such rule of law, any statement made in that document or part by the person using the document to refresh his memory shall by virtue of this subsection be admissible as evidence of any fact stated therein of which direct oral evidence by him would be admissible.

Where in any civil proceedings, etc. Sub-s. (1) is applied by s. 7(3), post.

Rules of law relating to the circumstances, etc. See 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 443 and Senat v. Senat, [1965] P. 172; [1965] 2 All E.R. 505.

Hearsay evidence formerly admissible at common law. For provisions as to the admissibility of certain hearsay evidence formerly admissible at common law, see 9, post.

Definitions. For "civil proceedings", see s. 18(1), post, and for "document" and "statement", see s. 10(1), post.

Criminal Procedure Act 1865, ss. 3, 4, 5. See pp. 838, 839, ante.
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(1) Without prejudice to section 5 of this Act, in any civil proceedings a statement contained in a document shall, subject to this section and to rules of court, be admissible as evidence of any fact stated therein of which direct oral evidence would be admissible, if the document is, or forms part of, a record compiled by a person acting under a duty from information which was supplied by a person (whether acting under a duty or not) who had or may reasonably be supposed to have had, personal knowledge of the matters dealt with in that information and which, if not supplied by that person to the compiler of the record directly, was supplied by him to the compiler of the record indirectly through one or more intermediaries each acting under a duty.

(2) Where in any civil proceedings a party desiring to give a statement in evidence by virtue of this section has called or intends to call as a witness in the proceedings the person who originally supplied the information from which the record containing the statement was compiled, the statement-

(a) shall not be given in evidence by virtue of this section on behalf of that party without the leave of the court; and

(b) without prejudice to paragraph (a) above, shall not without the leave of the court be given in evidence by virtue of this section on behalf of that party before the conclusion of the examination-in-chief of the person who originally supplied the said information.

(3) Any reference in this section to a person acting under a duty includes a reference to a person acting in the course of any trade, business, profession or other occupation in which he is engaged or employed or for the purposes of any paid or unpaid office held by him.

General Note. This section is the counterpart of, and may be compared and contrasted with, the Criminal Evidence Act 1965, s. 1(1), p. 907, ante. Like those provisions, it is intended to deal with evidence which was held to be inadmissible by the House of Lords in Myers v. Director of Public Prosecutions, [1965] A.C. 1001; [1964] 2 All E.R. 881.

Office. This term is wide enough to cover a trusteeship; see A-G. v. Eyres, [1909] 1 K.B. 723; and see also Re Willey, [1890] W.N. 1, C.A.

Hearsay evidence formerly admissible at common law. For provisions as to the admissibility of certain evidence formerly admissible at common law, see s. 9, post. Definitions. For "civil proceedings", see s.18(1), post and for "document" and "statement", see s. 10(1), post. Note as to "person acting under a duty", sub-s. (3) of this section.
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(1) In any civil proceedings a statement contained in a document produced by a computer shall, subject to rules of court, be admissible as evidence of any fact stated therein of which direct oral evidence would be admissible, if it is shown that the conditions mentioned in subsection (2) below are satisfied in relation to the statement and computer in question.

(a) that the document containing the statement was produced by the computer during a period over which the computer was used regularly to store or process information for the purposes of any activities regularly carried on over that period, whether for profit or not, by any body, whether corporate or not, or by any individual;

(b) that over that period there was regularly supplied to the computer in the ordinary course of those activities information of the kind contained in the statement or of the kind from which the information so contained is derived;

(c) that throughout the material part of that period the computer was operating properly or, if not, that any respect in which it was not operating properly or was out of operation during that part of that period was not such as to affect the production of the document or the accuracy of its contents; and

(d) that the information contained in the statement reproduces or is derived from information supplied to the computer in the ordinary course of those activities.

(3) Where over a period the function of storing or processing information for the purposes of any activities regularly carried on over a period as mentioned in subsection (2)(a) above was regularly performed by computers, whether-

(d) in any other manner involving the successive operation over that period, in whatever order, of one or more computers and one or more combinations of computers,

all the computers used for that purpose during that period shall be treated for the purposes of this Part of this Act as constituting a single computer; and references in this Part of this Act to a computer shall be construed accordingly.

(4) In any civil proceedings where it is desired to give a statement in evidence by virtue of this section, a certificate doing any of the following things, that is to say-

(a) identifying the document containing the statement and describing the manner in which it was produced;

(b) giving such particulars of any device involved in the production of that document as may be appropriate for the purpose of showing that the document was produced by a computer;

and purporting to be signed by a person occupying a responsible position in relation to the operation of the relevant device or the management of the relevant activities (whichever is appropriate) shall be evidence of any matter stated in the certificate; and for the purposes of this subsection it shall be sufficient for a matter to be stated to the best of the knowledge and belief of the person stating it.

(a) information shall be taken to be supplied to a computer if it is supplied thereto in any appropriate form and whether it is so supplied, directly or (with or without human intervention) by means of any appropriate equipment;

(b) where, in the course of activities carried on by any individual or body, information is supplied with a view to its being stored or processed for the purposes of those activities by a computer operated otherwise than in the course of those activities, that information, if duly supplied to that computer, shall be taken to be supplied to it in the course of those activities;

(c) a document shall be taken to have been produced by a computer whether it was produced by it directly or (with or without human intervention) by means of any appropriate equipment.

(6) Subject to subsection (3) above, in this Part of this Act "computer" means any device for storing and processing information, and any reference to information being derived from other information is a reference to its being derived therefrom by calculation, comparison or any other process.

Hearsay evidence formerly admissible at common law. For provisions as to the admissibility of certain evidence formerly admissible at common law, see s. 9, post.

Definitions. For "civil proceedings", see s. 18(1), post, and for "document" and "statement", see s. 10(1), post. Note as to "computer", sub-ss (3) and (6) of this section.
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(1) Where in any civil proceedings a statement contained in a document is proposed to be given in evidence by virtue of section 2, 4 or 5 of this Act it may, subject to any rules of court, be proved by the production of that document or (whether or not that document is still in existence) by the production of a copy of that document, or of the material part thereof, authenticated in such manner as the court may approve.

(2) For the purpose of deciding whether or not a statement is admissible in evidence by virtue of section 2, 4 or 5 of this Act, the court may draw any reasonable inference from the circumstances in which the statement was made or otherwise came into being or from any other circumstances, including, in the case of a statement contained in a document, the form and contents of that document.

(3) In estimating the weight, if any, to be attached to a statement admissible in evidence by virtue of section 2, 3, 4, or 5 of this Act regard shall be had to all the circumstances from which any inference can reasonably be drawn as to the accuracy or otherwise of the statement and, in particular-

(a) in the case of a statement falling within section 2(1) or 3(1) or (2) of this Act, to the question whether or not the statement was made contemporaneously with the occurrence or existence of the facts stated, and to the question whether or not the maker of the statement had any incentive to conceal or misrepresent the facts;

(b) in the case of a statement falling within section 4(1) of this Act, to the question whether or not the person who originally supplied the information from which the record containing the statement was compiled did so contemporaneously with the occurrence or existence of the facts dealt with in that information, and to the question whether or not that person, or any person concerned with compiling or keeping the record containing the statement, had any incentive to conceal or misrepresent the facts; and

(c) in the case of a statement falling within section 5(1) of this Act, to the question whether or not the information which the information contained in the statement reproduces or is derived from was supplied to the relevant computer, or recorded for the purpose of being supplied thereto, contemporaneously with the occurrence or existence of the facts dealt with in that information, and to the question whether or not any person concerned with the supply of information to that computer, or with the operation of that computer or any equipment by means of which the document containing the statement was produced by it, had any incentive to conceal or misrepresent the facts.

(4) For the purpose of any enactment or rule of law or practice requiring evidence to be corroborated or regulating the manner in which uncorroborated evidence is to be treated-

(a) a statement which is admissible in evidence by virtue of section 2 or 3 of this Act shall not be capable of corroborating evidence given by the maker of the statement; and

(b) a statement which is admissible in evidence by virtue of section 4 of this Act shall not be capable of corroborating evidence given by the person who originally supplied the information from which the record containing the statement was compiled.

(5) If any person in a certificate tendered in evidence in civil proceedings by virtue of section 5(4) of this Act wilfully makes a statement material in those proceedings which he knows to be false or does not believe to be true, he shall be liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or a fine or both.

General Note. Sub-s. (1) may be compared with the provision as to the production of the original document in the Evidence Act 1938, s. 1(1) and the provisions as to the production of copies in s. 1(2) of that Act (both repealed by s. 20(2), post). Sub-s. (2) may be compared with the provisions as to drawing inferences in s. 1(5) of the Act of 1938 (repealed by s. 20(2), post) and in the Criminal Evidence Act 1965, s. 1(2), p. 907, ante. Sub-s. (3) may be compared with s. 2(1) of the Act of 1938 (repealed by s. 20(2), post), and with s. 1(3) of the Act of 1965. Sub-s. (4) may be compared with s. 2(2) of the Act of 1938 (repealed by s. 20(2), post).

As the court may approve. See as to the exercise of this power in chambers by a master, Friend v. Wallman, [1946] 2 K.B. 493; [1946] 2 All E.R. 237; and see now R.S.C. Ord. 25, r. 3, in conjunction with the Interpretation Act 1889, s. 38(1), Vol. 32, title Statutes, and R.S.C. Ord. 32, r. 11.

Sub-s. (2): For the purpose of deciding, etc. Subs-(2) may be compared with the similar provisions in the Evidence Act 1938, s. 1(5) (repealed by s. 20(2), post), and in the Criminal Evidence Act 1969, s. 1(2), p. 907, ante.

Sub-s. (3): In estimating the weight, etc. Sub-s. (3) may be compared with the Evidence Act 1938, s. 2(1), p. 879, ante (repealed by s. 20(2), post), and the Criminal Evidence Act 1965, s. 1(3), p. 907, ante.

Sub-s. (4): For the purpose of any enactment, etc. Corroboration is required by statute in actions for breach of promise of marriage under the Evidence Further Amendment Act 1869, s. 2, p. 846, ante, and in affiliation proceedings under the Affiliation Proceedings Act 1957, s. 4(2), Vol. 1, p. 79.

As to corroboration in other cases and the treatment of uncorroborated evidence, see 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 450.

Sub-s. (4): Maker of the statement. Cf. the note "Statement made by a person" to s. 7, post.

Sub-s. (5): Wilfully. This expression, in the words of Lord Russell of Killowen, C.J., in R. v. Senior, [1899] 1 Q.B. 283, at pp. 290, 291, "means that the act is done deliberately and intentionally, not by accident or inadvertence, but so that the mind of the person who does the act goes with it"; see also, in particular, R. v. Walker (1934), 24 Cr. App. Rep. 117; Eaton v. Cobb, [1950] 1 All E.R. 1016; and Arrowsmith v. Jenkins, [1963] 2 Q.B. 561; [1963] 2 All E.R. 210; but see Rice v. Connolly, [1966] 2 Q.B. 414; [1966] 2 All E.R. 649.

Material. A statement may be material on the mere ground that it renders more credible something else; cf. R. v. Tyson (1867), L.R. 1 C.C.R. 107.

Knows. There is authority for saying that, where a person deliberately refrains from making inquiries the results of which he might not care to have, this constitutes in law actual knowledge of the facts in question; see Knox v. Boyd, 1941 S.C. (J.) 82, at p. 86, and Taylor's Central Garages (Exeter), Ltd. v. Roper (1951) 115 J.P. 445, at pp. 449, 450. per Devlin, J.; and see also, in particular, Mallon v. Allon, [1964] 1 Q.B. 385; [1963] 3 All E.R. 843, at p. 394 and p. 847, respectively. However, mere neglect to ascertain what would have been found out by making reasonable enquiries is not tantamount to knowledge; see Taylor's Central Garages (Exeter), Ltd. v. Roper, supra, per Devlin, J.; and cf. London Computator, Ltd. v. Seymour, [1944] 2 All E.R. 11; but see also Mallon v. Allon, supra; and cf. Wallworth v. Balmer, [1965] 3 All E.R. 721.

Indictment. By virtue of the Criminal Law Act 1967, s. 8(2), Vol. 21, title Magistrates, the offence is triable at quarter sessions.

Fine. There is no specific limit to the amount of the fine which may be imposed. Yet, the fine should be within the offender's capacity to pay; see, in particular, R. v. Churchill (No. 2), [1967] 1 Q.B. 190; [1966] 2 All E.R. 215 (reversed on other grounds sub nom. Churchill v. Walton, [1967] A.C. 224; [1967] 1 All E.R. 497); and see also 25 Edw. 1 (Magna Carta) (1297), Vol. 6, p. 401, and the Bill of Rights (1688) (Sess. 2), s. 1, Vol. 6, p. 490.

Hearsay evidence formerly admissible at common law. For provisions as to the admissibility of certain evidence formerly admissible at common law, see s. 9, post.

Definitions. For "civil proceedings", see s. 18(1), post, and for "document" and "statement", see s. 10(1), post; and see as to "copy", the latter subsection.
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7. Admissibility of evidence as to credibility of maker etc. of statement admitted under s. 2 or 4

(1) Subject to rules of court, where in any civil proceedings a statement made by a person who is not called as a witness in those proceedings is given in evidence by virtue of section 2 of this Act-

(a) any evidence which, if that person had been so called, would be admissible for the purpose of destroying or supporting his credibility as a witness shall be admissible for that purpose in those proceedings; and

(b) evidence tending to prove that, whether before or after he made that statement, that person made (whether orally or in a document or otherwise) another statement inconsistent therewith shall be admissible for the purpose of showing that that person has contradicted himself:

Provided that nothing in this subsection shall enable evidence to be given of any matter of which, if the person in question had been called as a witness and had denied that matter in cross-examination, evidence could not have been adduced by the cross-examining party.

(2) Subsection (1) above shall apply in relation to a statement given in evidence by virtue of section 4 of this Act as it applies in relation to a statement given in evidence by virtue of section 2 of this Act, except that references to the person who made the statement and to his making the statement shall be construed respectively as references to the person who originally supplied the information from which the record containing the statement was compiled and to his supplying that information.

(3) Section 3(1) of this Act shall apply to any statement proved by virtue of subsection (1)(b) above as it applies to a previous inconsistent or contradictory statement made by a person called as a witness which is proved as mentioned in paragraph (a) of the said section 3(1).

Rules of court. See the note to s. 2, ante. For supplementary provisions, see s. 8(4), (6), post; and see also s. 10(3), (4), post.

Statement made by a person. The record in the notebook of a police officer of information given by an eye-witness of an accident is not a statement made by the eye-witness; see Simpson v. Lever, [1963] 1 Q.B. 517; [1962] 3 All E.R. 870.

If ... evidence could not have been adduced by the cross-examining party. See 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 447 et seq.

Hearsay evidence formerly admissible at common law. For provisions as to the admissibility of certain hearsay evidence formerly admissible at common law, see s. 9, post.

Definitions. For "civil proceedings", see s. 18(1), post, and for "document" and "statement", see s. 10(1), post.
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(1) Provision shall be made by rules of court as to the procedure which, subject to any exceptions provided for in the rules, must be followed and the other conditions which, subject as aforesaid, must be fulfilled before a statement can be given in evidence in civil proceedings by virtue of section 2, 4 or 5 of this Act.

(2) Rules of court made in pursuance of subsection (1) above shall in particular, subject to such exceptions (if any) as may be provided for in the rules-

(a) require a party to any civil proceedings who desires to give in evidence any such statement as is mentioned in that subsection to give to every other party to the proceedings such notice of his desire to do so and such particulars of or relating to the statement as may be specified in the rules, including particulars of such one or more of the persons connected with the making or recording of the statement or, in the case of a statement falling within section 5(1) of this Act, such one or more of the persons concerned as mentioned in section 6(3)(c) of this Act as the rules may in any case require; and

(b) enable any party who receives such notice as aforesaid by counter-notice to require any person of whom particulars were given with the notice to be called as a witness in the proceedings unless that person is dead, or beyond the seas, or unfit by reason of his bodily or mental condition to attend as a witness, or cannot with reasonable diligence be identified or found, or cannot reasonably be expected (having regard to the time which has elapsed since he was connected or concerned as aforesaid and to all the circumstances) to have any recollection of matters relevant to the accuracy or otherwise of the statement.

(a) may confer on the court in any civil proceedings a discretion to allow a statement falling within section 2 (1), 4 (1) or 5(1) of this Act to be given in evidence notwithstanding that any requirement of the rules affecting the admissibility of that statement has not been complied with, but except in pursuance of paragraph (b) below shall not confer on the court a discretion to exclude such a statement where the requirements of the rules affecting its admissibility have been complied with;

(b) may confer on the court power, where a party to any civil proceedings has given notice that he desires to give in evidence-

(i) a statement falling within section 2(1) of this Act which was made by a person, whether orally or in a document, in the course of giving evidence in some other legal proceedings (whether civil or criminal); or

(ii) a statement falling within section 4(1) of this Act which is contained in a record of any direct oral evidence given in some other legal proceedings (whether civil or criminal),

to give directions on the application of any party to the proceedings as to whether, and if so on what conditions, the party desiring to give the statement in evidence will be permitted to do so and (where applicable) as to the manner in which that statement and any other evidence given in those other proceedings is to be proved; and

(c) may make different provision for different circumstances, and in particular may make different provision with respect to statements falling within sections 2 (1), 4 (1) and 5 (1) of this Act respectively;

and any discretion conferred on the court by rules of court made as aforesaid may be either a general discretion or a discretion exercisable only in such circumstances as may be specified in the rules.

(4) Rules of court may make provision for preventing a party to any civil proceedings (subject to any exceptions provided for in the rules) from adducing in relation to a person who is not called as a witness in those proceedings any evidence which could otherwise be adduced by him by virtue of section 7 of this Act unless that party has in pursuance of the rules given in respect of that person such a counter-notice as is mentioned in subsection (2)(b) above.

(5) In deciding for the purposes of any rules of court made in pursuance of this section whether or not a person is fit to attend as a witness, a court may act on a certificate purporting to be a certificate of a fully registered medical practitioner.

(6) Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this section shall prejudice the generality of section 99 of the Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925, section 102 of the County Courts Act 1959, section 15 of the Justices of the Peace Act 1949 or any other enactment conferring power to make rules of court; and nothing in section 101 of the Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925, section 102(2) of the County Courts Act 1959 or any other enactment restricting the matters with respect to which rules of court may be made shall prejudice the making of rules of court with respect to any matter mentioned in the foregoing provisions of this section or the operation of any rules of court made with respect to any such matter.

Sub-s. (2): Unless that person is dead, etc. This provision is closely modelled on the Criminal Evidence Act 1969, s. 1(1)(b), p. 907, ante; cf. also the Evidence Act 1938, s. 1(1) proviso, p. 878, ante (repealed by s. 20(2), post).

Beyond the seas; unfit to attend as a witness. See the notes to the Criminal Evidence Act 1963, s. 1, p. 904, ante.

Sub-s. (5): In deciding, etc. Sub-s. (5) may be compared with the corresponding provisions in the Civil Evidence Act 1938, s. 1(5), p. 879, ante (repealed by s. 20(2), post) and in the Criminal Evidence Act 1965. s. 1(2), p. 907, ante.

Fully registered medical practitioner. For meaning, see the Medical Act 1956, s. 52(2), in conjunction with ss. 54(1) and 57(2), Vol. 21, title Medicine and Pharmacy.

Hearsay evidence formerly admissible at common law. For provisions as to the admissibility of certain hearsay evidence formerly admissible at common law, see s. 9, post.

Definitions. For "civil proceedings", see s. 18(1), post; for "court" and "legal proceedings", see s. 18(2), post; and for "statement", see s. 10(1), post.

Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925, ss. 99, 101. See Vol. 25, title Practice and Procedure.

Justices of the Peace Act 1949, s. 15. See Vol. 21, title Magistrates.
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9. Admissibility of certain hearsay evidence formerly admissible at common law

(1) In any civil proceedings a statement which, if this Part of this Act had not been passed, would by virtue of any rule of law mentioned in subsection (2) below have been admissible as evidence of any fact stated therein shall be admissible as evidence of that fact by virtue of this subsection.

(2) The rules of law referred to in subsection (1) above are the following, that is to say any rule of law-

(a) whereby in any civil proceedings an admission adverse to a party to the proceedings, whether made by that party or by another person, may be given in evidence against that party for the purpose of proving any fact stated in the admission;

(b) whereby in any civil proceedings published works dealing with matters of a public nature (for example, histories, scientific works, dictionaries and maps) are admissible as evidence of facts of a public nature stated therein;

(c) whereby in any civil proceedings public documents (for example, public registers, and returns made under public authority with respect to matters of public interest) are admissible as evidence of facts stated therein; or

(d) whereby in any civil proceedings records (for example, the records of certain courts, treaties, Crown grants, pardons and commissions) are admissible as evidence of facts stated therein.

In this subsection "admission" includes any representation of fact, whether made in words or otherwise.

(3) In any civil proceedings a statement which tends to establish reputation or family tradition with respect to any matter and which, if this Act had not been passed, would have been admissible in evidence by virtue of any rule of law mentioned in subsection (4) below-

(a) shall be admissible in evidence by virtue of this paragraph in so far as it is not capable of being rendered admissible under section 2 or 4 of this Act; and

(b) if given in evidence under this Part of this Act (whether by virtue of paragraph (a) above or otherwise) shall by virtue of this paragraph be admissible as evidence of the matter reputed or handed down;

and, without prejudice to paragraph (b) above, reputation shall for the purposes of this Part of this Act be treated as a fact and not as a statement or multiplicity of statements dealing with the matter reputed.

(4) The rules of law referred to in subsection (3) above are the following that is to say any rule of law-

(a) whereby in any civil proceedings evidence of a person's reputation is admissible for the purpose of establishing his good or bad character;

(b) whereby in any civil proceedings involving a question of pedigree or in which the existence of a marriage is in issue evidence of reputation or family tradition is admissible for the purpose of proving or disproving pedigree or the existence of the marriage, as the case may be; or

(c) whereby in any civil proceedings evidence of reputation or family tradition is admissible for the purpose of proving or disproving the existence of any public or general right or of identifying any person or thing.

(5) It is hereby declared that in so far as any statement is admissible in any civil proceedings by virtue of subsection (1) or (3)(a) above, it may be given in evidence in those proceedings notwithstanding anything in sections 2 to 7 of this Act or in any rules of court made in pursuance of section 8 of this Act.

(6) The words in which any rule of law mentioned in subsection (2) or (4) above is there described are intended only to identify the rule in question and shall not be construed as altering that rule in any way.

Sub–s. (2): Admission adverse, etc. Cf. 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 295 et seq. Published work, etc. Cf. 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 314.

Evidence ... proving or disproving pedigree, etc. Cf. 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 320, 321.

Evidence ... proving or disproving the existence, etc. Cf. 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 320, 321.

Definitions. For "civil proceedings", see s. 18(1), post, and for "statement", see s. 10(1), post. Note as to "admission", sub-s. (2) of this section.
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(c) any disc, tape, sound track or other device in which sounds or other data (not being visual images) are embodied so as to be capable (with or without the aid of some other equipment) of being reproduced therefrom; and

(d) any film, negative, tape or other device in which one or more visual images are embodied so as to be capable (as aforesaid) of being reproduced therefrom;

"statement" includes any representation of fact, whether made in words or otherwise.

(a) in the case of a document falling within paragraph (c) but not (d) of the definition of "document" in the foregoing subsection, a transcript of the sounds or other data embodied therein;

(b) in the case of a document falling within paragraph (d) but not (c) of that definition, a reproduction or still reproduction of the image or images embodied therein, whether enlarged or not;

(c) in the case of a document falling within both those paragraphs, such a transcript together with such a still reproduction; and

(d) in the case of a document not falling within the said paragraph (d) of which a visual image is embodied in a document falling within that paragraph, a reproduction of that image, whether enlarged or not,

and any reference to a copy of the material part of a document shall be construed accordingly.

(3) For the purposes of the application of this Part of this Act in relation to any such civil proceedings as are mentioned in section 18(1)(a) and (b) of this Act, any, rules of court made for the purposes of this Act under section 99 of the Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925 shall (except in so far as their operation is excluded by agreement) apply, subject to such modifications as may be appropriate, in like manner as they apply in relation to civil proceedings in the High Court:

Provided that in the case of a reference under section 92 of the County Courts Act 1959 this subsection shall have effect as if for the references to the said section 99 and to civil proceedings in the High Court there were substituted respectively references to section 102 of the County Courts Act 1959 and to proceedings in a county court.

(4) If any question arises as to what are, for the purposes of any such civil proceedings as are mentioned in section 18(1)(a) or (b) of this Act, the appropriate modifications of any such rule of court as is mentioned in subsection (3) above, that question shall, in default of agreement, be determined by the tribunal or the arbitrator or umpire, as the case may be.

Document. This definition may be contrasted with the corresponding definitions in the Civil Evidence Act 1938, s. 6(1), p. 880, ante, and the Criminal Evidence Act 1965, s. 1(4), p. 908, ante.

Statement. This definition is identical with the corresponding definitions in the Civil Evidence Act 1938, s. 6(1), p. 880, ante, and the Criminal Evidence Act 1965, s. 1(4), p. 908, ante.

Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925, s. 99. See Vol. 25, title Practice and Procedure.

County Courts Act 1959, ss. 92, 102. See Vol. 7, pp. 358, 366.
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(1) In any civil proceedings the fact that a person has been convicted of an offence by or before any court in the United Kingdom or by a court-martial there or elsewhere shall (subject to subsection (3) below) be admissible in evidence for the purpose of proving, where to do so is relevant to any issue in those proceedings, that he committed that offence, whether he was so convicted upon a plea of guilty or otherwise and whether or not he is a party to the civil proceedings; but no conviction other than a subsisting one shall be admissible in evidence by virtue of this section.

(2) In any civil proceedings in which by virtue of this section a person is proved to have been convicted of an offence by or before any court in the United Kingdom or by a court-martial there or elsewhere-

(a) he shall be taken to have committed that offence unless the contrary is proved; and

(b) without prejudice to the reception of any other admissible evidence for the purpose of identifying the facts on which the conviction was based, the contents of any document which is admissible as evidence of the conviction, and the contents of the information, complaint, indictment or charge-sheet on which the person in question was convicted, shall be admissible in evidence for that purpose.

(3) Nothing in this section shall prejudice the operation of section 13 of this Act or any other enactment whereby a conviction or a finding of fact in any criminal proceedings is for the purposes of any other proceedings made conclusive evidence of a fact.

(4) Where in any civil proceedings the contents of any document are admissible in evidence by virtue of subsection (2) above, a copy of that document, or of the material part thereof, purporting to be certified or otherwise authenticated by or on behalf of the court or authority having custody of that document shall be admissible in evidence and shall be taken to be a true copy of that document or part unless the contrary is shown.

(a) section 12 of the Criminal Justice Act 1948 (under which a conviction leading to probation or discharge is to be disregarded except as therein mentioned);

(b) section 9 of the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1949 (which makes similar provision in respect of convictions on indictment in Scotland); and

(c) section 8 of the Probation Act (Northern Ireland) 1950 (which corresponds to the said section 12) or any corresponding enactment of the Parliament of Northern Ireland for the time being in force,

shall affect the operation of this section; and for the purposes of this section any order made by a court of summary jurisdiction in Scotland under section 1 or section 2 of the said Act of 1949 shall be treated as a conviction.

(6) In this section "court-martial" means a court-martial constituted under the Army Act 1955, the Air Force Act 1955 or the Naval Discipline Act 1957 or a disciplinary court constituted under section 50 of the said Act of 1957, and in relation to a court-martial "conviction", as regards a court-martial constituted under either of the said Acts of 1955, means a finding of guilty which is, or falls to be treated as, a finding of the court duly confirmed and, as regards a court-martial or disciplinary court constituted under the said Act of 1957, means a finding of guilty which is, or falls to be treated as, the finding of the court, and "convicted" shall be construed accordingly.

General Note. This section and ss. 12 and 13, post, reverse what is known as the rule in Hollington v. Hewthorn & Co., Ltd., [1943] 1 K.B. 587; [1943] 2 All E.R. 35, C.A.

Sub-ss. (1) and (2) are based on draft clause 1 in Annex 2 to the Fifteenth Report of the Law Reform Committee (Cmnd. 3391).

Sub-s. (1): Convicted; conviction. Note sub-s. (5) of this section; see also as to juvenile offenders dealt with summarily, the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. s. 59(1), in conjunction with s. 107(2), Vol. 17, title Infants, Children and Young Persons.

United Kingdom. I.e., Great Britain and Northern Ireland; see the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927, s. 2(2), Vol. 6, p. 520.

Admissible in evidence. Note that (in contrast to s. 13, post), the evidence is not conclusive; cf. Sutton v. Sutton (1969), Times, 22nd May. Cf. also the note to s. 1, ante.

Subsisting one. A conviction that has been quashed is clearly not a "subsisting one". Neither, it is thought, is a conviction a "subsisting one" where a free pardon has been granted; cf., in particular, Hay v. London (Tower Division) Justices (1890), 24 Q.B.D. 561; and see also Leyman v. Latimer (1878), 3 Ex.D. 352, C.A., at p. 355. per Bramwell, L.J. On the other hand, it is thought, the fact that punishment has been suffered does not prevent the conviction from being a "subsisting one"; but see, in particular, Leyman v. Latimer, supra.

Sub-s. (2): Contents of any document which is admissible, etc. Note as to copies, sub-s. (4) of this section.

Extensions. Sub-s. (4) is applied by s. 12(4), post, and sub-ss. (4)-(6) are applied by s. 13(4), post.

Definitions. For "civil proceedings", see s. 18(1), post, and for "court", see s. 18(2), post. Note as to "convicted", "conviction" and "court-martial", sub-s. (6) of this section.

Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1949. 12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6 c. 94; not printed in this work.

Probation Act (Northern Ireland) 1950. 1950 c. 7 (N.I.); not printed in this work.

Naval Discipline Act 1957. See Vol. 29, title Royal Forces.
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(a) the fact that a person has been found guilty of adultery in any matrimonial proceedings; and

(b) the fact that a person has been adjudged to be the father of a child in affiliation proceedings before any court in the United Kingdom,

shall (subject to subsection (3) below) be admissible in evidence for the purpose of proving, where to do so is relevant to any issue in those civil proceedings, that he committed the adultery to which the finding relates or, as the case may be, is (or was) the father of that child, whether or not he offered any defence to the allegation of adultery or paternity and whether or not he is a party to the civil proceedings; but no finding or adjudication other than a subsisting one shall be admissible in evidence by virtue of this section.

(2) In any civil proceedings in which by virtue of this section a person is proved to have been found guilty of adultery as mentioned in subsection (1)(a) above or to have been adjudged to be the father of a child as mentioned in subsection (1)(b) above-

(a) he shall be taken to have committed the adultery to which the finding relates or, as the case may be, to be (or have been) the father of that child, unless the contrary is proved; and

(b) without prejudice to the reception of any other admissible evidence for the purpose of identifying the facts on which the finding or adjudication was based, the contents of any document which was before the court, or which contains any pronouncement of the court, in the matrimonial or affiliation proceedings in question shall be admissible in evidence for that purpose.

(3) Nothing in this section shall prejudice the operation of any enactment whereby a finding of fact in any matrimonial or affiliation proceedings is for the purposes of any other proceedings made conclusive evidence of any fact.

(4) Subsection (4) of section 11 of this Act shall apply for the purposes of this section as if the reference to subsection (2) were a reference to subsection (2) of this section.

"matrimonial proceedings" means any matrimonial cause in the High Court or a county court in England and Wales or in the High Court in Northern Ireland, any consistorial action in Scotland, or any appeal arising out of any such cause or action;

"affiliation proceedings" means, in relation to Scotland, any action of affiliation and aliment;

and in this subsection "consistorial action" does not include an action of aliment only between husband and wife raised in the Court of Session or an action of interim aliment raised in the sheriff court.

The section is based on draft clause 2 in Annex 2 to the Fifteenth Report of the Law Reform Committee (Cmnd. 3391).

Sub-s. (1): Found guilty of adultery, etc. This clearly covers a spouse as well as any other person named in the decree of the court as having committed adultery, but it seems to be clear that a person may have been found guilty of adultery in a matrimonial cause even though not named in the decree; cf. Miller (formerly Kozubowski) v. Kozubowski, [1956] 1 All E.R. 177, and Schlesinger v. Schlesinger, [1959] 1 All E.R. 155, C.A. Nevertheless, where a spouse has confessed to having committed adultery with another person against whom there has been no evidence and who has accordingly been dismissed from the suit, that person cannot be regarded as having been found guilty of adultery; cf. Miller (formerly Kozubowski) v. Kozubowski, supra.

Sub-s. (1): Father. Viz. (in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland) "putative father"; see the Affiliation Proceedings Act 1957, s.4(2), Vol. 1, p. 79, and the Illegitimate Children (Affiliation Orders) Act (Northern Ireland) 1924, s. 1(1) (not printed in this work).

Subsisting one. A finding or adjudication that has been quashed is not a "subsisting one".

Sub-s. (5): Matrimonial cause. This expression clearly does not cover proceedings under the Matrimonial Homes Act 1967, Vol. 17, title Husband and Wife; cf. the definitions of "matrimonial cause" in the Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925, s. 225, Vol. 7, p. 623, and the Matrimonial Causes Act 1967, s. 10(1), Vol. 17, title Husband and Wife.

County court in England and Wales. See as to the jurisdiction of county courts in England and Wales in matrimonial causes, the Matrimonial Causes Act 1967, Vol. 17, title Husband and Wife.

Definitions. For "civil proceedings", see s. 18(1), post, and for "court", see s. 18(2), post. Note as to "matrimonial proceedings", sub-s. (5) of this section.
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(1) In an action for libel or slander in which the question whether a person did or did not commit a criminal offence is relevant to an issue arising in the action, proof that at the time when that issue falls to be determined, that person stands convicted of that offence shall be conclusive evidence that he committed that offence; and his conviction thereof shall be admissible in evidence accordingly.

(2) In any such action as aforesaid in which by virtue of this section a person is proved to have been convicted of an offence, the contents of any document which is admissible as evidence of the conviction, and the contents of the information, complaint, indictment or charge-sheet on which that person was convicted, shall, without prejudice to the reception of any other admissible evidence for the purpose of identifying the facts on which the conviction was based, be admissible in evidence for the purpose of identifying those facts.

(3) For the purposes of this section a person shall be taken to stand convicted of an offence if but only if there subsists against him a conviction of that offence by or before a court in the United Kingdom or by a court-martial there or elsewhere.

(4) Subsections (4) to (6) of section 11 of this Act shall apply for the purposes of this section as they apply for the purposes of that section, but as if in the said subsection (4) the reference to subsection (2) were a reference to subsection (2) of this section.

(5) The foregoing provisions of this section shall apply for the purposes of any action begun after the passing of this Act, whenever the cause of action arose, but shall not apply for the purposes of any action begun before the passing of this Act or any appeal or other proceedings arising out of any such action.

This section is based on draft clause 3 in Annex 3 to the Fifteenth Report of the Law Reform Committee (Cmnd. 3391).

Criminal offence. Cf. as to what is a criminal offence, Osborne v. Milman (1887), 18 Q.B.D. 471, C.A., particularly at pp. 474, 473, per Lord Esher, M.R.

Convicted; conviction. See as to probation or discharge, s. 11(5), ante, in conjunction with sub-s. (5) of this section.

See also as to juvenile offenders dealt with summarily, the Children and Young Persons Act 1933, s. 59(1), in conjunction with s. 107(2), Vol. 17, title Infants, Children and Young Persons.

Shall be conclusive evidence, etc. This means that no evidence to the contrary is admissible; see, in particular, Kerr v. John Mottram, Ltd., [1940] Ch. 657; [1940] 2 All E.R. 629. It does not mean that the commission of the offence cannot be proved otherwise; see A.-G. v. Bournemouth Corporation, [1902] 2 Ch, 714, C.A.

Contents of any documents which is admissible, etc. See as to copies, s. 11(4), ante, in conjunction with sub-s. (4) of this section.

Passing of this Act. The Act was passed, viz., received the Royal Assent, on 25th October 1968.

Definitions. For "court", see s. 18(2), post, and for "court-martial", "convicted" and "conviction", see s. 11(6), ante.
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(1) The right of a person in any legal proceedings other than criminal proceedings to refuse to answer any question or produce any document or thing if to do so would tend to expose that person to proceedings for an offence or for the recovery of a penalty-

(a) shall apply only as regards criminal offences under the law of any part of the United Kingdom and penalties provided for by such law; and

(b) shall include a like right to refuse to answer any question or produce any document or thing if to do so would tend to expose the husband or wife of that person to proceedings for any such criminal offence or for the recovery of any such penalty.

(2) In so far as any existing enactment conferring (in whatever words) powers of inspection or investigation confers on a person (in whatever words) any right otherwise than in criminal proceedings to refuse to answer any question or give any evidence tending to incriminate that person, subsection (1) above shall apply to that right as it applies to the right described in that sub-section; and every such existing enactment shall be construed accordingly.

(3) In so far as any existing enactment provides (in whatever words) that in any proceedings other than criminal proceedings a person shall not be excused from answering any question or giving any evidence on the ground that to do so may incriminate that person, that enactment shall be construed as providing also that in such proceedings a person shall not be excused from answering any question or giving any evidence on the ground that to do so may incriminate the husband or wife of that person.

further provides (in whatever words) that any answer or evidence given by a person shall not be admissible in evidence against that person in any proceedings or class of proceedings (however described, and whether criminal or not), that enactment shall be construed as providing also that any answer or evidence given by that person shall not be admissible in evidence against the husband or ,wife of that person in the proceedings or class of proceedings in question.

(5) In this section "existing enactment" means any enactment passed before this Act; and the references to giving evidence are references to giving evidence in any manner, whether by furnishing information, making discovery, producing documents or otherwise.

The right of a person, etc. Sub-s. (1) is based on draft clause 1(1) in Annex 2 to the Sixteenth Report of the Law Reform Committee (Cmnd. 3472).

Criminal proceedings. See the note to the Criminal Evidence Act 1965, s. 1, p. 908, ante.

Would tend to expose the husband or wife, etc. If the marriage is voidable, this is irrelevant; see, in particular, R. v. Algar, (1954) 1 Q.B. 279; [1953] 2 All E.R. 1381.

In so far as any existing enactment provides, etc. See the Representation of the People Act 1949, s. 123(7), Vol. II, title Elections.

Quaere whether sub-s. (4) applies to, in particular, the Bankruptcy Act 1914, s. 166, Vol. 3, p. 159, which does not expressis verbis provide as mentioned in sub-s. (3).

Passed before this Act. The Act was passed, i.e., received the Royal Assent on 25th October 1968.

Definitions. For "legal proceedings", see s. 18(2), post; and see as to "husband" and "wife", the same subsection. See as to "existing enactment", sub-s. (5) of this section.

(1) This section applies to any communication made for the purpose of any pending or contemplated proceedings under the Patents Act 1949 before the comptroller or the Appeal Tribunal, being either-

(a) a communication between the patent agent of a party to those proceedings and that party or any other person; or

(b) a communication between a party to those proceedings and a person other than his patent agent made for the purpose of obtaining, or in response to a request for, information which that party is seeking for the purpose of submitting it to his patent agent.

For the purposes of this subsection a communication made by or to a person acting-

shall be treated as made by or to that patent agent or party, as the case may be.

(2) In any legal proceedings other than criminal proceedings a communication to which this section applies shall be privileged from disclosure in like manner as if the proceedings mentioned in the foregoing subsection had been proceedings before the High Court and the patent agent in question had been the solicitor of the party concerned.

(3) For the purposes of this section a communication made for the purpose of a pending or contemplated application for a patent or any other pending or contemplated proceeding under the Patents Act 1949 shall be treated as made for the purpose of contemplated proceedings under that Act before the comptroller or the Appeal Tribunal of every kind to which a proceeding of that description may give rise, whether or not any such proceedings are actually contemplated when the communication is made.

"the comptroller" and "the Appeal Tribunal" have the same meanings as in the Patents Act 1949;

"patent agent" means a person registered as a patent agent in the register of patent agents maintained pursuant to the Patents Act 1949 or a company lawfully practising as a patent agent in the United Kingdom or the Isle of Man; and

"party", in relation to any contemplated proceedings, means a prospective party thereto.

General Note. Sub-s. (1) reproduces verbatim draft clause 2(1) in Appendix 2 to the Sixteenth Report of the Law Reform Committee (Cmnd. 3472). Sub - ss. (2) and (4) are based on clause 2(2) and clause 2(3), respectively, in that Appendix.

Criminal proceedings. See the note to the Criminal Proceedings. Act 1965, s. 1, p. 1908, ante.

Patent agent. Communications with a patent agent have hitherto not been privileged; see Moseley v. Victoria Rubber Co. (1886), 55 L.T. 482.

Shall be privileged, etc. See as to the privilege of a solicitor, in particular, 12 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 39 et seq.; 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 421; and 36 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 51, 52.

Company lawfully practising, etc. See as to what companies may practise as patent agents, the Patents Act 1949, s. 88(1), Vol. 24, title Patents and Designs.

Definitions. For "legal proceedings", see s. 18(2), post. Note as to "the Appeal Tribunal", "the comptroller", "party" and "patent agent", sub-s. (4) of this section.

Patents Act 1949. See Vol. 24, title Patents and Designs. In that Act "Appeal Tribunal" means the judge nominated under s. 85 thereof and "comptroller" means the Comptroller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks; see s. 101(1) of that Act. The register of patent agents is maintained by virtue of ss. 88(1) and 89(1) of that Act. See also the Register of Patent Agents Rules 1950, S.I. 1950 No. 804, as amended by S.I. 1957 No. 1657, S.I. 1959 No. 1569, S.I. 1964 No. 2029 and S.I. 1968 No. 1741; 17 Halsbury’s Statutory Instruments, title Patents and Designs.
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(1) The following rules of law are hereby abrogated except in relation to criminal proceedings, that is to say-

(a) the rule whereby, in any legal proceedings, a person cannot be compelled to answer any question or produce any document or thing if to do so would tend to expose him to a forfeiture; and

(b) the rule whereby, in any legal proceedings, a person other than a party to the proceedings cannot be compelled to produce any deed or other document relating to his title to any land.

(2) The rule of law whereby, in any civil proceedings, a party to the proceedings cannot be compelled to produce any document relating solely to his own case and in no way tending to impeach that case or support the case of any opposing party is hereby abrogated.

(3) Section 3 of the Evidence (Amendment) Act 1853 (which provides that a husband or wife shall not be compellable to disclose any communication made to him or her by his or her spouse during the marriage) shall cease to have effect except in relation to criminal proceedings.

(4) In section 43(1) of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1965 (under which the evidence of a husband or wife is admissible in any proceedings to prove that marital intercourse did or did not take place between them during any period, but a husband or wife is not compellable in any proceedings to give evidence of the matters aforesaid), the words from "but a husband or wife" to the end of the subsection shall cease to have effect except in relation to criminal proceedings.

(5) A witness in any proceedings instituted in consequence of adultery, whether a party to the proceedings or not, shall not be excused from answering any question by reason that it tends to show that he or she has been guilty of adultery; and accordingly the proviso to section 3 of the Evidence Further Amendment Act 1869 and, in section 43(2) of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1965, the words from "but" to the end of the subsection shall cease to have effect.

General Note. Sub-s. (1) is based on draft clause 3(1) in Appendix 2 to the Sixteenth Report of the Law Reform Committee (Cmnd. 3472). Sub-s. (2) is identical with draft clause 3 (2) in the same Appendix. Sub-ss. (3) and (4) are based on draft clauses 3(3) and (4), respectively, in that Appendix. Sub-s. (5) is identical with draft clause 3(5) in that Appendix.

Criminal proceedings. See the note to the Criminal Evidence Act 1965, s. 1, p. 908, ante.

Rule ... forfeiture. See as to that rule, in particular, Pye v. Butterfaeld (1864), 5 B. & S. 829. See also the Witnesses Act 1806, p. 802, ante.

Rule ... title to any land. Cf. as to that rule, 12 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 60.

Rule ... document relating solely to his own case, etc. Cf as to that rule, 12 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 60.

Definitions. For "civil proceedings", see s. 18(1), post, and for "legal proceedings", see s. 18(2), post.

Evidence Further Amendment Act 1869, s. 3. See p. 846, ante.
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(a) section 1(3) of the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 (under which a witness before a tribunal to which that Act has been applied is entitled to the same privileges as if he were a witness before the High Court) shall have effect as if after the word "witness", in the second place where it occurs, there were inserted the words "in civil proceedings"; and

(b) section 8(5) of the Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967 (which provides that, subject as there mentioned, no person shall be compelled for the purposes of an investigation under that Act to give any evidence or produce any document which he could not be compelled to give or produce in proceedings before the High Court) shall have effect as if before the word "proceedings" there were inserted the word "civil";

and so far as it applies to England and Wales, any other existing enactment, however framed or worded, which in relation to any tribunal, investigation or inquiry (however described) confers on persons required to answer questions or give evidence any privilege described by reference to the privileges of witnesses in proceedings before any court shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be construed as referring to the privileges of witnesses in civil proceedings before that court.

(2) Where a person is examined by virtue of an order under section 1 of the Foreign Tribunals Evidence Act 1856 or section 1 of the Evidence by Commission Act 1859 made by a court or judge in England and Wales for the purpose of obtaining his testimony in relation to any legal proceedings pending before a court or tribunal outside England and Wales, then for the purpose of determining his rights under section 5 of the said Act of 1856 or section 4 of the said Act of 1859 to refuse to answer questions or produce documents-

(a) if those proceedings are criminal proceedings, the provisions of sections 14 to 16 of this Act and the amendments provided for by the Schedule to this Act shall be disregarded; but

(b) in any other case the references in the said section 5 or the said section 4, as the case may be, to any cause pending as mentioned in that section shall be construed as references to any civil cause so pending.

(3) Without prejudice to the generality of subsections (2) to (4) of section 14 of this Act, the enactments mentioned in the Schedule to this Act shall have effect subject to the amendments provided for by that Schedule (being verbal amendments to bring those enactments into conformity with the provisions of that section).

(4) Subsection (5) of section 14 of this Act shall apply for the purposes of this section as it applies for the purposes of that section.

Criminal proceedings. See the note to the Criminal Evidence Act 1965, s. 1, p. 908, ante.

Civil cause. It follows from sub-s. (2)(a) of this section that "civil cause" means here "proceedings which are not criminal proceedings".

Definitions. For "civil proceedings", see s. 18(1), post; for "legal proceedings", see s. 18(2), post; and for "existing enactment", see s. 14(5), ante, in conjunction with sub-s. (4) of this section.

Evidence by Commission Act 1859, ss. 1, 4. See pp. 829, 830, ante.
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(1) In this Act "civil proceedings" includes, in addition to civil proceedings in any of the ordinary courts of law-

(a) civil proceedings before any other tribunal, being proceedings in relation to which the strict rules of evidence apply; and

(b) an arbitration or reference, whether under an enactment or not, but does not include civil proceedings in relation to which the strict rules of evidence do not apply.

"court" does not include a court-martial, and, in relation to an arbitration or reference, means the arbitrator or umpire and, in relation to proceedings before a tribunal (not being one of the ordinary courts of law), means the tribunal;

"legal proceedings" includes an arbitration or reference, whether under an enactment or not;

and for the avoidance of doubt it is hereby declared that in this Act, and in any amendment made by this Act in any other enactment, references to a person's not include references - to a person who is no longer married to that person.

(3) Any reference in this Act to any other enactment is a reference thereto as amended, and includes a reference thereto as applied, by or under any other enactment.

(4) Nothing in this Act shall prejudice the operation of any enactment which provides (in whatever words) that any answer or evidence given by a person in specified circumstances shall not be admissible in evidence against him or some other person in any proceedings or class of proceedings (however described).

In this subsection the reference to giving evidence is a reference to giving evidence in any manner, whether by furnishing information, making discovery, producing documents or otherwise.

(a) any power of a court, in any legal proceedings, to exclude evidence (whether by preventing questions from being put or otherwise) at its discretion; or

(b) the operation of any agreement (whenever made) between the parties to any legal proceedings as to the evidence which is to be admissible (whether generally or for any particular purpose) in those proceedings.

(6) It is hereby declared that where, by reason of any defect of speech or hearing from which he is suffering, a person called as a witness in any legal proceedings gives his evidence in writing or by signs, that evidence is to be treated for the purposes of this Act as being given orally.

Sub-s. (1): Proceedings in relation to which ... apply. See as to what, and how far, tribunals are bound by the strict rules of evidence, 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 261, 262; R. v. Deputy Industrial Injuries Comr., Ex parte Moore, [1965] 1 Q.B. 456; [1965] 1 All E.R. 81, C.A., and Wednesbury Corporation v. Ministry of Housing and Local Government (No. 2), [1965] 3 All E.R. 571, at p. 579.

Arbitration. See as to the application of the rules of evidence, etc., to arbitrations, 2 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 35 et seq.; but see also Re Keighley Maxsted & Co. and Durant & Co., [1893] 1 Q.B. 405; (1891-4) All E.R. Rep. 1012, C.A., at pp. 411, 413, 415, 416 and pp. 1015, 1017, 1018, 1019. See further, as to not setting aside an award on the ground that it is based on evidence inadmissible in a court of law, MacPherson Train & Co., Ltd. v. Milhem & Sons, [1955] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 59, C.A.

Sub-s. (2): And for the avoidance of doubt, etc. This provision is based on draft clause 1(2) in Annex 2 to the Sixteenth Report of the Law Reform Committee (Cmnd. 3472)

Sub-s. (5): Nothing in this Act ... those proceedings. Sub-s. (5) is based on draft clause 4 (2), (3) in Appendix 2 to the Sixteenth Report of the Law Reform Committee (Cmnd. 3472).

Sub-s. (6) : Defect of speech or hearing. This clearly covers a person who is deaf and dumb. Such a person may testify in writing or by signs; see 15 Halsbury's Laws (3rd Edn.) 418 note (a).
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No limitation on the powers of the Parliament of Northern Ireland imposed by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 shall apply so as to preclude that Parliament from enacting a provision corresponding to any provision of this Act,

Government of Ireland Act 1920. See Vol. 23, title Northern Ireland.
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(2) Sections 1, 2, 6(1) (except the words from "‘Proceedings’" to "references") and 6(2)(b) of the Evidence Act 1938 are hereby repealed.

(3) This Act shall not extend to Scotland or, except in so far as it enlarges the powers of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, to Northern Ireland.

(4) The following provisions of this Act, namely sections 13 to 19, this section (except subsection (2)) and the Schedule, shall come into force on the day this Act is passed, and the other provisions of this Act shall come into force on such day as the Lord Chancellor may by order made by statutory instrument appoint; and different days may be so appointed for different purposes of this Act or for the same purposes in relation to different courts or proceedings or otherwise in relation to different circumstances.

Statutory instrument. For provisions as to statutory instruments generally, see the Statutory Instruments Act 1946, Vol. 32, title Statutes.

Order under this section. The Civil Evidence Act 1968 (Commencement No. 1) Order 1968, S.I. 1968 No. 1734 (bringing ss. 11 and 12, ante, into force on 2nd December 1968).
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Act amended	Amendment

The Hop (Prevention of Frauds) Act 1866 (29 & 30 Vict. 37)	In section 12 (answers to be inadmissible against person giving them), after the words "such person" there shall be inserted the words "or the husband or wife of such person.
(Remainder of Schedule amends the Explosive Substances Act 1883, s. 6 (2), Vol. 8, p. 223; the Land Registration Act 1925, s. 119 (2), Vol. 27, title Real Property; the Borrowing (Control and Guarantees) Act 1946, Schedule, para. 2 (1), 1701. 22, title Money; the Representation of the People Act 1949, s. 123 Vol. 11, title Elections; the Baking Industry (Hours of Work) Act 1954, s. 6 (2), Vol. 13, title Factories; the Wages Colonies Act 1959, s. 19 (3), P. 176, ante; the Factories Act 1961, s. 146 (1) (f), Vol. 13, title Factories; the Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act 1963, s. 53 (1) (d), Vol. 13, title Factories; the National Insurance Act 1965, s. 90 (4), Vol. 23, title National Insurance; the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act 1965, s. 64 (4), Vol. 23, title National Insurance; and the Selective Employment Payments Act 1966, s. 8 (3), p. 367, ante.)

Hop (Prevention of Frauds) Act 1866, s. 12. See Vol. 1, p. 445.
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United Kingdom Legislation for Vanuatu

Civil Evidence Act 1968