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Hoyts Pty Ltd v Burns   flag  84

[2003] HCA 61; (2003) 201 ALR 470; (2003) 77 ALJR 1934
High Court of Australia
Australia - Commonwealth
9th October, 2003

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name Citation(s) †  Court Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
Leakes Road Property Development Pty Ltd v Brasse [2024] VSCA 34 Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal Australia - Victoria 26 Mar 2024 AustLII flag
Selak v National Tiles Co Pty Ltd (No 4) [2024] VSC 438 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 29 Jul 2024 AustLII flag 2
Re Estate of Vaughan; Dunn v Dunn-Vaughan [2024] VSC 7 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 31 Jan 2024 AustLII flag 1
Warren by His Litigation Guardian Direlle Farr v District Council of the Lower Eyre Peninsula (No 3) [2024] SADC 37 District Court of South Australia Australia - South Australia 11 Apr 2024 AustLII flag
Karpik v Carnival plc (The Ruby Princess) (Initial Trial) [2023] FCA 1280 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 25 Oct 2023 AustLII flag 7
Holberry v Police [2020] SASC 62 Supreme Court of South Australia Australia - South Australia 17 Apr 2020 AustLII flag 3
Spralja v Bullard (No 2) [2019] VCC 1799 County Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 7 Nov 2019 AustLII flag 1
Jennings v George Harcourt Management Pty Ltd [2018] ACTSC 33 Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory Australia - Australian Capital Territory 27 Feb 2018 AustLII flag 3
Korda v Aldi Foods Pty Ltd [2018] ACTCA 6 Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory - Court of Appeal Australia - Australian Capital Territory 15 Mar 2018 AustLII flag
Lcy Pty Ltd v Ma [2017] VSCA 383 Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal Australia - Victoria 20 Dec 2017 AustLII flag 7
McDonald v Queensland Police Service [2017] QCA 255; [2018] 2 Qd R 612; (2017) 269 A Crim R 582 Supreme Court of Queensland - Court of Appeal Australia - Queensland 1 Nov 2017 AustLII flag 256
Korda v Aldi Foods Pty Ltd [2017] ACTSC 96 Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory Australia - Australian Capital Territory 8 Jun 2017 AustLII flag 2
Lanco Resources Australia Pty Ltd v Griffin Energy Group Pty Ltd [2016] WASC 322 Supreme Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 6 Oct 2016 AustLII flag 6
Dual Homes Victoria Pty Ltd v Moores Legal Pty Ltd [2016] VSC 86; (2016) 50 VR 129; (2016) 306 FLR 277 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 10 Mar 2016 AustLII flag 17
Beslic v MLC Ltd (No 2) [2016] NSWSC 746 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 9 Jun 2016 AustLII flag 2
Porter v Sundance Resources Ltd (No 2) [2015] WASC 493 Supreme Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 23 Dec 2015 AustLII flag 6
Kambouris v Tahmazis (No 2) [2015] VSC 174 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 30 Apr 2015 AustLII flag 7
Southern Ocean Pty Ltd v Sugar Australia Pty Ltd [2015] VCC 428 County Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 16 Apr 2015 AustLII flag
Owens v Galvin [2014] VSCA 33 Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal Australia - Victoria 11 Mar 2014 AustLII flag 4
Love v Roads Corporation [2014] VSCA 30; (2014) 200 LGERA 76 Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal Australia - Victoria 6 Mar 2014 AustLII flag 13
Odisho v Bonazzi [2014] VSCA 11 Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal Australia - Victoria 18 Feb 2014 AustLII flag 8
Hoad v GEL Custodians Pty Ltd [2014] NSWSC 513 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 8 May 2014 AustLII flag
Wright v KB Nut Holdings Pty Ltd [2013] QCA 66 Supreme Court of Queensland - Court of Appeal Australia - Queensland 2 Apr 2013 AustLII flag 2
Olivero v Ailakis [2012] WADC 174 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 14 Dec 2012 AustLII flag 2
Lederberger v Mediterranean Olives Financial Pty Ltd [2012] VSCA 262; (2012) 38 VR 509 Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal Australia - Victoria 17 Oct 2012 AustLII flag 59
Wright v K B Nut Holdings Pty Ltd (as Trustee for the Kerrie-Ann Stevenson Family Trust) t/as “ Bonapartes Serviced Apartments ” [2012] QDC 202 District Court of Queensland Australia - Queensland 23 Jul 2012 AustLII flag
Barnes v New Zealand Holdings Pty Ltd [2011] WADC 208 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 24 Nov 2011 AustLII flag 4
Blaine v The Owners of Duesburys House Strata Plan 7239 [2010] WADC 81 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 28 May 2010 AustLII flag 3
Partridge v Hobart City Council [2010] TASSC 62 Supreme Court of Tasmania Australia - Tasmania 17 Dec 2010 AustLII flag 7
Sweeney v Thornton [2010] NSWSC 1030; (2010) 56 MVR 350 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 10 Sep 2010 AustLII flag 2
Frisbo Holdings v Austin Australia [2010] NSWSC 155 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 11 Mar 2010 AustLII flag 1
Beswick v Tamarack Pty Ltd [2009] TASSC 109 Supreme Court of Tasmania Australia - Tasmania 11 Dec 2009 AustLII flag 3
Robyn Alice Lindley v Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd [2009] NSWDC 396 District Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 13 Nov 2009 AustLII flag 2
Church v Echuca Regional Health [2008] VSCA 153; (2008) 20 VR 566 Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal Australia - Victoria 29 Aug 2008 AustLII flag 146
Leeks v XY [2008] VSCA 21; (2008) 21 VR 118 Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal Australia - Victoria 20 Feb 2008 AustLII flag 9
Victoria v Subramanian [2008] VSC 9; (2008) 19 VR 335 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 5 Feb 2008 AustLII flag 41
Dar v DPP (Qld) [2008] QCA 309 Supreme Court of Queensland - Court of Appeal Australia - Queensland 3 Oct 2008 AustLII flag 20
Hughes v Van Eyk [2008] NSWSC 525 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 5 Jun 2008 AustLII flag 3
Jeffrey v Witherow [2007] WADC 20 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 9 Mar 2007 AustLII flag
Reid v Lim [2006] WADC 212 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 21 Dec 2006 AustLII flag
Hanna-Pauley v Amp Shopping Centres Pty Ltd [2006] WADC 7 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 30 Jan 2006 AustLII flag 1
Hansen v DPP [2006] QCA 396 Supreme Court of Queensland - Court of Appeal Australia - Queensland 13 Oct 2006 AustLII flag 7
Gold Ribbon (Accountants) Pty Ltd (in liq) v Sheers [2006] QCA 335 Supreme Court of Queensland - Court of Appeal Australia - Queensland 5 Sep 2006 AustLII flag 19
Tsigounis v Medical Board of Queensland [2006] QCA 295 Supreme Court of Queensland - Court of Appeal Australia - Queensland 15 Aug 2006 AustLII flag 13
Seltsam Pty Ltd v McNeill [2006] NSWCA 158; (2006) 4 DDCR 1 Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal Australia - New South Wales 26 Jun 2006 AustLII flag 56
CSR Ltd v Della Maddalena [2006] HCA 1; (2006) 224 ALR 1; (2006) 80 ALJR 458 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 2 Feb 2006 AustLII flag 332
Hunter Holdings Pty Ltd v Shire of Corrigin [2005] WADC 211 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 11 Nov 2005 AustLII flag 2
Hassan v Minister for Health [2005] WADC 182 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 4 Oct 2005 AustLII flag 1
Townsend v City of Swan [2005] WADC 152 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 10 Aug 2005 AustLII flag
Fitzpatrick v Robert Norman Job and Wendy Barbara Job t/a 'Jobs Engineering' [2005] WADC 89 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 12 May 2005 AustLII flag 1
Lynch v Kinney Shoes (Australia) Ltd [2005] QCA 326 Supreme Court of Queensland - Court of Appeal Australia - Queensland 2 Sep 2005 AustLII flag 6
Langborne v State Rail Authority of NSW [2005] NSWSC 47 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 14 Feb 2005 AustLII flag 1
McPherson's Ltd v Eaton [2005] NSWCA 435; (2005) 65 NSWLR 187; [2005] Aust Torts Reports 81-825; (2005) 3 DDCR 255 Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal Australia - New South Wales 16 Dec 2005 AustLII flag 45
Ridis v Strata Plan 10308 [2005] NSWCA 246; (2005) 63 NSWLR 449 Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal Australia - New South Wales 1 Aug 2005 AustLII flag 155
Cruise Group Pty Ltd v Fullard [2005] NSWCA 161 Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal Australia - New South Wales 2 Jun 2005 AustLII flag 5
Neindorf v Junkovic [2005] HCA 75; (2005) 222 ALR 631; (2005) 80 ALJR 341; [2005] Aust Torts Reports 81-820 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 8 Dec 2005 AustLII flag 205
Commissioner of Main Roads v Jones [2005] HCA 27; (2005) 215 ALR 418; (2005) 79 ALJR 1104; [2005] Aust Torts Reports 81-794; (2005) 42 MVR 289 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 20 May 2005 AustLII flag 58
Lingard v Dearnley [2004] WASCA 306 Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal Australia - Western Australia 21 Dec 2004 AustLII flag 3
Fisher v Firkins [2004] WASCA 26 Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal Australia - Western Australia 4 Mar 2004 AustLII flag 3
McFarlane v Western Australia [2004] WADC 245 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 7 Dec 2004 AustLII flag 1
Yahiya v Gullone [2004] WADC 234 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 26 Nov 2004 AustLII flag
Tremeer v City of Stirling [2004] WADC 56 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 1 Apr 2004 AustLII flag 1
Calvert v Shire of Gingin [2004] WADC 1 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 15 Jan 2004 AustLII flag 2
Barneveld v Hume City Council [2004] VSC 350 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 10 Sep 2004 AustLII flag 9
Gahagan v Taylor Bros (Slipway & Engineering) Pty Ltd [2004] TASSC 23; [2004] Aust Torts Reports 81-740 Supreme Court of Tasmania Australia - Tasmania 24 Mar 2004 AustLII flag 1
Edge v North Western Adelaide Health Service (Lyell McEwin Campus) [2004] SAWCT 36 South Australian Workers Compensation Tribunal Australia - South Australia 22 Apr 2004 AustLII flag 7
Counihan v Adelaide Commercial Theatres Pty Ltd [2004] SADC 2 District Court of South Australia Australia - South Australia 21 Jan 2004 AustLII flag
Eaton v Carrier Air Conditioning [2004] NSWDDT 18 Dust Diseases Tribunal of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 9 Sep 2004 AustLII flag 1
Baresic v Slingshot Holdings Pty Ltd [2004] NSWCA 464 Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal Australia - New South Wales 15 Dec 2004 AustLII flag 1
Wyong Shire Council v Vairy [2004] NSWCA 247; [2004] Aust Torts Reports 81-754 Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal Australia - New South Wales 27 Jul 2004 AustLII flag 52
Leichhardt Municipal Council v Green [2004] NSWCA 139; [2004] Aust Torts Reports 81-753 Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal Australia - New South Wales 20 May 2004 AustLII flag 3
Anikin v Sierra [2004] HCA 64; 211 CLR 621; (2004) 211 ALR 621; (2004) 79 ALJR 452; [2005] Aust Torts Reports 81-793; (2004) 41 MVR 289 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Dec 2004 AustLII flag 84
Gelavis v Australian Securities and Investments Commission [2003] WASCA 300 Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal Australia - Western Australia 3 Dec 2003 AustLII flag 2
Thompson v Woolworths (Q'land)Pty Ltd [2003] QCA 551 Supreme Court of Queensland - Court of Appeal Australia - Queensland 12 Dec 2003 AustLII flag 5
Marminta Pty Ltd v French [2003] QCA 541 Supreme Court of Queensland - Court of Appeal Australia - Queensland 5 Dec 2003 AustLII flag 41
Ah Tong v Wingecarribee Council [2003] NSWCA 381 Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal Australia - New South Wales 19 Dec 2003 AustLII flag 3
Hadba v The Trustees of the Roman Catholic Church for the Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn (as St Anthony's Primary School) [2003] ACTCA 25 Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory - Court of Appeal Australia - Australian Capital Territory 18 Dec 2003 AustLII flag 3
O ’ Meara v Dominican Fathers [2003] ACTCA 24; (2003) 153 ACTR 1 Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory - Court of Appeal Australia - Australian Capital Territory 5 Dec 2003 AustLII flag 22

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title Citation(s) †  Author Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
"Counteracting hindsight bias in proof of 'but for' causation" [2020] PrecedentAULA 21 (2020) 157 Precedent 38 Douglas, Richard Australia circa 2020 AustLII flag
"High Court Negligence Cases 2000-10" (2014) 36 Sydney Law Review 585 Stewart, Pamela; Stuhmcke, Anita Australia circa 2014 AustLII flag 3
"Lacunae and Litigants: A Study of Negligence Cases in the High Court of Australia in the First Decade of the 21st Century and Beyond" (2014) 38 Melbourne University Law Review 151 Stewart, Pamela; Stuhmcke, Anita Australia circa 2014 AustLII flag 3
"What the plaintiff would have done in informed consent cases" [2010] PrecedentAULA 39 (2010) 98 Precedent 10 Cockburn, Tina Australia circa 2010 AustLII flag
"A View From Abroad" [2007] UMelbLRS 2 Luntz, H Australia circa 2007 AustLII flag
"Postcards from the edge: international trends in medical negligence" [2004] PrecedentAULA 4 (2004) 64 Precedent 6 McCarthy, Frances; Hagihara, Akijito; Bobroff, Ronald; Rossetti, Sabina; Proemmel, Christine; Madden, Bill Australia circa 2004 AustLII flag

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name Provision
Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth)

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name Citation(s) †  Court Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
Fox v Percy [2003] HCA 22; (2003) 214 CLR 118; (2003) 197 ALR 201; (2003) 77 ALJR 989; (2003) 38 MVR 1; (2003) 24 Leg Rep 2; (2003) 197 AR 201 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 2003 AustLII flag 5047
Hadba v The Trustees of the Roman Catholic Church for the Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn (as St Anthony's Primary School) [2003] ACTCA 25 Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory - Court of Appeal Australia - Australian Capital Territory 18 Dec 2003 AustLII flag 3
O ’ Meara v Dominican Fathers [2003] ACTCA 24; (2003) 153 ACTR 1 Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory - Court of Appeal Australia - Australian Capital Territory 5 Dec 2003 AustLII flag 22
Shorey v PT Ltd (2003) 77 ALJR 1104; 197 ALR 410 Australia circa 2003 LexisNexis AU flag 50
Burns v Hoyts Pty Ltd [2002] NSWCA 5; [2002] Aust Torts Reports 81-637 Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal Australia - New South Wales 8 Feb 2002 AustLII flag 3
Aktiebolaget Hassle v Alphapharm Pty Ltd [2002] HCA 59; (2002) 212 CLR 411; (2002) 194 ALR 485; (2002) 56 IPR 129; (2002) 77 ALJR 398; [2003] AIPC 91-838 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 12 Dec 2002 AustLII flag 564
Woods v Multi-Sport Holdings Pty Ltd [2002] HCA 9; (2002) 208 CLR 460; (2002) 186 ALR 145; (2002) 76 ALJR 483; (2002) 23 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 2002 AustLII flag 274
Liftronic Pty Ltd v Unver [2001] HCA 24; (2001) 22 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 3 May 2001 AustLII flag 201
Rosenberg v Percival [2001] HCA 18; (2001) 205 CLR 434; (2001) 178 ALR 577; (2001) 75 ALJR 734; [2001] Aust Torts Reports 81-605; (2001) 22 Leg Rep 11 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Apr 2001 AustLII flag 671
Jones v Bartlett [2000] HCA 56; (2000) 205 CLR 166; 176 ALR 137; (2000) 75 ALJR 1; [2000] Aust Torts Reports 81-582; [2001] ANZ Conv R 328; (2000) 21 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 16 Nov 2000 AustLII flag 413
Eastman v R (2000) 203 CLR 1; (2000) 172 ALR 39; (2000) 21 Leg Rep 2 Australia - Commonwealth circa 2000 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 313
State Rail Authority of New South Wales v Earthline Constructions Pty Ltd (in liq) [1999] HCA 3; (1999) 160 ALR 588; (1999) 73 ALJR 306; (1999) 2 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Feb 1999 AustLII flag 1141
Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232; (1998) 156 ALR 517; (1998) 14 Leg Rep 2 Australia - Commonwealth circa 1998 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 708
Romeo v Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory (1998) 192 CLR 431; (1998) 72 ALJR 208; [1998] Aust Torts Reports 81-457; [1998] 2 Leg Rep 16; (1998) 96 LGERA 410; (1998) 151 ALR 263 Australia - Commonwealth 2 Feb 1998 AustLII flag 390
Arndt v Smith (1997) 148 DLR (4th) 48; [1997] 2 SCR 539 Supreme Court of Canada Canada 26 Jun 1997 Supreme Court of Canada flag 9
"Liability of a Public Authority as Occupier" (1997) 5 Torts Law Journal 7 Torts Law Journal Australia circa 1997 LexisNexis AU flag 2
Nagle v Rottnest Island Authority [1993] HCA 76; (1993) 177 CLR 423; 112 ALR 393; (1993) 67 ALJR 426; [1993] Aust Torts Reports 81-211 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 21 Apr 1993 AustLII flag 216
Devries v Australian National Railways Commission (1993) 177 CLR 472 Australia - Commonwealth circa 1993 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 1664
Rogers v Whitaker [1992] HCA 58; (1992) 175 CLR 479; (1992) 109 ALR 625; (1992) 67 ALJR 47; [1992] Aust Torts Reports 81-189; 51 ATPR 40-771 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 19 Nov 1992 AustLII flag 793
Calin v Greater Union Organisation Pty Ltd [1991] HCA 23; (1991) 173 CLR 33; 100 ALR 746; (1991) 65 ALJR 426; [1991] Aust Torts Reports 81-110 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 20 Jun 1991 AustLII flag 310
Nagle v Rottnest Island Authority [1991] Aust Torts Reports 81-090 Australia circa 1991 IntelliConnect flag 3
Abalos v Australian Postal Commission [1990] HCA 47; (1990) 171 CLR 167; 96 ALR 354; (1990) 65 ALJR 11; [1990] Aust Torts Reports 81-049 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 15 Nov 1990 AustLII flag 1297
Jones v Hyde [1989] HCA 20; 85 ALR 23; (1989) 63 ALJR 349; [1989] Aust Torts Reports 80-246; (1989) 8 MVR 445 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 11 Apr 1989 AustLII flag 375
Ellis v Wallsend District Hospital (1989) 17 NSWLR 553; [1989] Aust Torts Reports 80-289 Australia - New South Wales circa 1989 LexisNexis AU flag 294
Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd v Zaluzna [1987] HCA 7; (1987) 162 CLR 479; 69 ALR 615; (1987) 61 ALJR 180; [1987] Aust Torts Reports 80-073; (1987) 8 CA 7 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1987 AustLII flag 589
Bankstown Foundry Pty Ltd v Braistina [1986] HCA 20; 160 CLR 301; (1986) 65 ALR 1; (1986) 60 ALJR 362; [1986] Aust Torts Reports 80-012 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1986 AustLII flag 475
Papatonakis v Australian Telecommunications Commission [1985] HCA 3; (1985) 156 CLR 7; 57 ALR 1; (1985) 59 ALJR 201; [1985] Aust Torts Reports 80-316 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Feb 1985 AustLII flag 112
Hackshaw v Shaw [1984] HCA 84; (1984) 155 CLR 614; 56 ALR 417; 59 ALJR 156; [1984] Aust Torts Reports 80-312 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 11 Dec 1984 AustLII flag 234
Reibl v Hughes [1980] CanLII 23 Canada circa 1980 CanLII flag
Warren v Coombes [1979] HCA 9; (1979) 142 CLR 531; (1979) 23 ALR 405; (1979) 53 ALJR 293 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 13 Mar 1979 AustLII flag 2042
Precision Plastics Pty Ltd v Demir [1975] HCA 27; (1975) 132 CLR 362; 6 ALR 311; (1975) 49 ALJR 281 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Aug 1975 AustLII flag 262
Canterbury v Spence (1972) 464 F2d 772; 150 USApp DC 263 United States circa 1972 Westlaw flag 84
Watson v George [1953] HCA 41; (1953) 89 CLR 409; [1953] ALR 665 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 23 Jul 1953 AustLII flag 59
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 United Kingdom circa 1932 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 1
Victorian Stevedoring and General Contracting Co Pty Ltd and Meakes v Dignan [1931] HCA 34; (1931) 46 CLR 73; 38 ALR 22 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 2 Nov 1931 AustLII flag 613
Maclenan v Segar [1917] 2 KB 325 United Kingdom circa 1917 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 42

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