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H v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship   flag  71

[2010] FCAFC 119; (2010) 188 FCR 393; (2010) 272 ALR 605; (2010) 117 ALD 293; (2010) 53 AAR 1
Federal Court of Australia
Australia - Commonwealth
15th September, 2010

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name †  Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
A & B v Children's Court of Victoria [2012] VSC 589 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 5 Dec 2012 AustLII flag 10
ABCD v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2014] AATA 18 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 7 Jan 2014 AustLII flag 7
Andriotis v Victorian Building Authority [2018] FCAFC 24; (2018) 259 FCR 354; (2018) 359 ALR 427; 74 AAR 78 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 21 Feb 2018 AustLII flag 5
Ayoker and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2020] AATA 5868 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 13 May 2020 AustLII flag
Ayoker and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2020] AATA 5869 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 7 Dec 2020 AustLII flag
BCNQ and Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (Citizenship) [2016] AATA 359 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 31 May 2016 AustLII flag
Brinkman and Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (Citizenship) [2016] AATA 716 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 16 Sep 2016 AustLII flag
Chan and Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (Citizenship) [2019] AATA 21 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 16 Jan 2019 AustLII flag 1
CSR16 v Minister for Immigration [2017] FCCA 2222 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 13 Sep 2017 AustLII flag 4
Dent v Rees [2012] FMCAfam 1406 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 19 Dec 2012 AustLII flag 1
Ellison & Karnchanit [2012] FamCA 602; (2012) 48 Fam LR 33 Family Court of Australia Australia 1 Aug 2012 AustLII flag 26
Encarnacion and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2021] AATA 2885 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 17 Aug 2021 AustLII flag
Farnell and Chanbua [2016] FCWA 17; [2016] FLC 93-700 Family Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 14 Apr 2016 AustLII flag 16
FMR18 v Minister for Home Affairs [2018] FCA 1632 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 1 Nov 2018 AustLII flag 1
FRM17 v Minister for Home Affairs [2019] FCAFC 148; 271 FCR 254 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 28 Aug 2019 AustLII flag 9
Ghalzai and Minister for Home Affairs (Citizenship) [2019] AATA 74 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 31 Jan 2019 AustLII flag 3
GXVX and Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (Citizenship) [2015] AATA 829 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 27 Oct 2015 AustLII flag 1
Hameed and Minister for Home Affairs (Citizenship) [2019] AATA 675 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 11 Feb 2019 AustLII flag
Hudson v Minister for Immigration & Citizenship [2011] FCA 1134 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 7 Oct 2011 AustLII flag 1
Hudson v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012] FCAFC 23; (2012) 126 ALD 40 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 13 Mar 2012 AustLII flag 14
Huynh and Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (Citizenship) [2016] AATA 1084 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 23 Dec 2016 AustLII flag
Ibrahim and Minister for Home Affairs (Citizenship) [2019] AATA 4294 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 18 Oct 2019 AustLII flag
Johnson v Moyne Shire Council [2012] VSC 393 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 7 Sep 2012 AustLII flag 4
Kiangali (Migration) [2022] AATA 5194 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 5 Aug 2022 AustLII flag
Kivalu and Minister for Home Affairs (Citizenship) [2018] AATA 5156 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 17 Aug 2018 AustLII flag 1
Koka and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2019] AATA 5289 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 10 Dec 2019 AustLII flag 2
Koka v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCAFC 82; (2021) 284 FCR 346 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 28 May 2021 AustLII flag 4
Kuel and Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (Citizenship) [2018] AATA 2238 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 12 Jul 2018 AustLII flag
LM and Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2013] AATA 408 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 19 Jun 2013 AustLII flag
Lumumba v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs (No 2) [2022] FCA 1523 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 16 Dec 2022 AustLII flag 1
Masson v Parsons [2019] HCATrans 79 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 16 Apr 2019 AustLII flag
McHugh v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (No 2) [2021] FCAFC 152; 287 FCR 364 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 23 Aug 2021 AustLII flag 3
McKenzie and National Disability Insurance Agency [2019] AATA 3275 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 5 Sep 2019 AustLII flag 4
Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v VDQS [2018] FCA 574 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 26 Apr 2018 AustLII flag 4
Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs v Lieu [2023] FCAFC 57; 297 FCR 162; 409 ALR 719 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 13 Apr 2023 AustLII flag 11
Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs v Su [2024] FCAFC 68 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Jun 2024 AustLII flag 1
Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs v Koka [2020] FCA 1471 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 Oct 2020 AustLII flag 7
Nineth and Nineth [No 2] [2010] FamCA 1144 Family Court of Australia Australia 17 Dec 2010 AustLII flag 4
NWH and Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, Re [2011] AATA 286; (2011) 121 ALD 224 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 3 May 2011 AustLII flag 2
O ’ Connor [2010] FamCA 987 Family Court of Australia Australia 29 Oct 2010 AustLII flag 5
Onyema and Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (Citizenship) [2018] AATA 3883 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 16 Oct 2018 AustLII flag 3
Oz v Minister for Immigration [2016] FCCA 1810 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 19 Aug 2016 AustLII flag
Parkinson v Alexander [2016] ACTSCFC 1; 11 ACTLR 190; 58 A Crim R 278 Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory - Full Court Australia - Australian Capital Territory 15 Apr 2016 AustLII flag 20
Secretary to the Department of Justice and Regulation v McIntyre [2019] VSC 105 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 28 Feb 2019 AustLII flag 37
Su and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2023] AATA 3919 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 9 Nov 2023 AustLII flag 1
Su and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2020] AATA 590 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 19 Mar 2020 AustLII flag 2
Su and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2021] AATA 912 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 16 Apr 2021 AustLII flag 1
SVYH and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2020] AATA 936 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 23 Apr 2020 AustLII flag
SZTAL; SZTGM v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] HCATrans 68 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Apr 2017 AustLII flag 3
TFRB and Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (Citizenship) [2017] AATA 1000 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 30 Jun 2017 AustLII flag
Tran and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Migration) [2020] AATA 3600 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 16 Sep 2020 AustLII flag
TWWH and Minister for Home Affairs (Citizenship) [2018] AATA 4877 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 21 Dec 2018 AustLII flag
Uta and Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, Re [2011] AATA 29; (2011) 121 ALD 133 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 25 Jan 2011 AustLII flag 1
VDQS and Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (Citizenship) [2017] AATA 1420 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 31 Aug 2017 AustLII flag 1
Von Horsten and Minister for Home Affairs (Citizenship) [2019] AATA 3610 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 16 Aug 2019 AustLII flag
Wilkinson and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2021] AATA 2122 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 6 Jul 2021 AustLII flag
Wilkinson and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2021] AATA 751 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 4 Mar 2021 AustLII flag
WVZN and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2020] AATA 1920 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 24 Jun 2020 AustLII flag
XTPR and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2022] AATA 4184 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 7 Dec 2022 AustLII flag
Younas v Commonwealth of Australia (No 2) [2024] FCA 853 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 2 Aug 2024 AustLII flag
YXTS and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Citizenship) [2021] AATA 1698 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 11 Jun 2021 AustLII flag
1833271 (Migration) [2021] AATA 5129 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 11 Nov 2021 AustLII flag
2111435 (Migration) [2022] AATA 2251 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 28 Apr 2022 AustLII flag

Law Reform Reports Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title †  Citation(s) Author Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
Te K pû Whângai : He Arotake. Review of Surrogacy [2021] NZLCIP 47 New Zealand Law Commission - Issues Papers New Zealand circa 2021 NZLII flag

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title †  Citation(s) Author Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
"More Than Just Precedent: Perspectives on Judgment Writing" [2019] UNDAULawRw 1 Banks-Smith, Matrina Australia circa 2019 AustLII flag
"First you see it, then you don't - Harry Houdini and the art of interpreting statutes" (FCA) [2012] FedJSchol 34 Barker, Justice Michael Australia circa 2012 AustLII flag
"Contextualism: 'The Modern Approach To Statutory Interpretation" (2018) 41 University of New South Wales Law Journal 1083 Barnes, Jeffrey Australia circa 2018 AustLII flag 6
"Drafting Statutes and Statutory Interpretation: Express or Assumed Rules?" (2019) 45 Monash University Law Review 401 Dharmananda, Jacinta Australia circa 2019 AustLII flag 1
"Resolving the Dilemma of Legal Parentage for Australians Engaged in International Surrogacy" [2013] UTSLRS 4 Millbank, Jenni Australia circa 2013 AustLII flag
"The New Surrogacy Parentage Laws in Australia: Cautious Regulation or '25 Brick Walls'?" (2011) 35 Melbourne University Law Review 165 Millbank, Jenni Australia circa 2011 AustLII flag 7
"Conceptualising Australian Citizenship for Children: A Human Rights Perspective" (2013) 20 Australian International Law Journal 77 Rubenstein, Kim; Field, Jacqueline Australia circa 2013 AustLII flag 1

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name Provision
Adoption Act 1993 (ACT)
Parentage Act 2004 (ACT)
Australian Citizenship Amendment Bill 1990 (Cth)
Australian Citizenship Amendment Bill 1991 (Cth)
Australian Citizenship Bill 2005 (Cth)
Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth) s44
Australian Citizenship Act 2007 (Cth) s16
Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) s13, s15AA, s15AB
Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) s6, s46, s60F, s60H, s60HB, s64C, s65C, s69P, s69Q, s69R, s69S
Migration Act 1958 (Cth) s12, s35
Federal Court Rules (Cth)
Australian Citizenship Amendment Act 1984 (Cth)
Australian Citizenship Amendment Act 1990 (Cth)
Australian Citizenship Amendment Act 1991 (Cth)
Citizenship Act 1969 (Cth) s16, s21, s25, s28, s33, s34, s35, s36
Naturalization Act 1903 (Cth)
Nationality Act 1920 (Cth)
Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 (Cth)
Adoption Act 2000 (NSW)
Status of Children Act 1996 (NSW)
Adoption of Children Act 1994 (NT)
Adoption Act 2009 (Qld)
Status of Children Act 1978 (Qld)
Adoption Act 1988 (SA)
Adoption Act 1984 (Vic)
Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (Vic) s3
Family Violence Protection Act 2008 (Vic) s4
Status of Children Act 1974 (Vic) s5, s8, s12, s16
Victims of Crime Assistance Act 1996 (Vic) s3
Adoption Act 1994 (WA) s13

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name †  Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
Akpata v Minister for Immigration & Multicultural & Indigenous Affairs [2004] FCA 1619 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 10 Dec 2004 AustLII flag 5
Allphones Retail Pty Ltd v Weimann [2009] FCAFC 135 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 30 Sep 2009 AustLII flag 18
Australian Institute of Private Detectives Ltd v Privacy Commissioner [2004] FCA 1440; (2004) 139 FCR 394 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Nov 2004 AustLII flag 18
Bevanere Pty Ltd v Lubidineuse [1985] FCA 134; (1985) 7 FCR 325; (1985) 59 ALR 334; 4 IPR 467; [1985] ATPR 40-565 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 24 Apr 1985 AustLII flag 128
Bortolazzo v Comcare [1997] FCA 515; (1997) 75 FCR 385; (1997) 25 AAR 290 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 12 Jun 1997 AustLII flag 54
Chalmers v Thompson (1913) 30 WN (NSW) 161 Australia - New South Wales circa 1913 flag 3
Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs [1992] HCA 64; (1992) 176 CLR 1; (1993) 110 ALR 97; 67 ALJR 125 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1992 AustLII flag 1060
CIC Insurance Ltd v Bankstown Football Club Ltd [1997] HCA 2; (1997) 187 CLR 384; (1997) 141 ALR 618; (1997) 71 ALJR 312; (1997) 9 ANZ Insurance Cases 61-348; [1997] 3 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1997 AustLII flag 1948
Cocks v Juncken [1947] HCA 16; (1947) 74 CLR 277; [1947] ALR 293 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Jun 1947 AustLII flag 20
Collector of Customs v Agfa-Gevaert Ltd [1996] HCA 36; (1996) 186 CLR 389; (1996) 141 ALR 59; 24 AAR 282; 43 ALD 193; (1996) 35 ATR 249; (1996) 71 ALJR 123; (1996) 20 Leg Rep 30 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 10 Dec 1996 AustLII flag 888
Dampier Salt (Operations) Pty Ltd v Collector of Customs (1995) 133 ALR 502 Australia circa 1995 LexisNexis AU flag 16
DJL v Central Authority [2000] HCA 17; (2000) 201 CLR 226; (2000) 170 ALR 659; [2000] FLC 93-015; (2000) 26 Fam LR 1; (2000) 74 ALJR 706; (2000) 21 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 13 Apr 2000 AustLII flag 659
Ergon Energy Corporation Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation [2006] FCAFC 125; (2006) 153 FCR 551; 232 ALR 652; 94 ALD 1; 64 ATR 130 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 15 Aug 2006 AustLII flag 32
H v J [2006] FamCA 1398; (2006) 205 FLR 464 Family Court of Australia Australia 12 Dec 2006 AustLII flag 7
Jack Grossberg and Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs [1995] AATA 211 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 1 Aug 1995 AustLII flag 1
Jaffari v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2001] FCA 985; (2001) 113 FCR 10 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 26 Jul 2001 AustLII flag 14
K & S Lake City Freighters Pty Ltd v Gordon & Gotch Ltd [1985] HCA 48; (1985) 157 CLR 309; (1985) 60 ALR 509; (1985) 59 ALJR 658; (1985) 2 MVR 289; [1985] Aust Torts Reports 80-323; (1985) 3 ANZ Insurance Cases 60-653 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 1 Aug 1985 AustLII flag 598
Madras Electric Supply Corporation Ltd v Boarland [1955] AC 667 United Kingdom circa 1955 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 21
Magill v Magill [2006] HCA 51; (2006) 226 CLR 551; [2006] FLC 98-033; (2006) 231 ALR 277; (2006) 81 ALJR 254; 36 Fam LR 1; [2007] Aust Torts Reports 81-872 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Nov 2006 AustLII flag 235
Manit Zangzinchai v Marilyn Millanta [1993] FCA 356; (1993) 43 FCR 280; 116 ALR 357; (1993) 31 ALD 334 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 30 Jul 1993 AustLII flag 1257
McGraw-Hinds (Aust) Pty Ltd v Smith [1979] HCA 19; (1979) 144 CLR 633; (1979) 24 ALR 175; (1979) 53 ALJR 423 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Apr 1979 AustLII flag 128
McMullen and Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, Re [2009] AATA 638; (2009) 111 ALD 475 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 27 Aug 2009 AustLII flag 11
Newcastle City Council v GIO General Ltd [1997] HCA 53; (1997) 191 CLR 85; (1997) 149 ALR 623; (1997) 72 ALJR 97; (1997) 9 ANZ Insurance Cases 61-380; (1997) 19 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 2 Dec 1997 AustLII flag 513
Nolan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs [1988] HCA 45; (1988) 165 CLR 178; (1988) 80 ALR 561; 62 ALJR 539 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 13 Sep 1988 AustLII flag 149
NWH v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2009] AATA 833 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 28 Oct 2009 AustLII flag 10
Odhiambo v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2002] FCAFC 194; 122 FCR 29; (2002) 69 ALD 312 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 20 Jun 2002 AustLII flag 38
QBE Insurance (Australia) Ltd v Tropical Reef Shipyard Pty Ltd [2009] FCAFC 161 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 12 Nov 2009 AustLII flag 11
R v Danaher; Ex parte Olzer Industries Pty Ltd [1969] VicRp 55; [1969] VR 445 Australia - Victoria 11 Sep 1968 AustLII flag 16
Re Kumar and Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2009] AATA 124; (2009) 107 ALD 178; 50 AAR 96 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 25 Feb 2009 AustLII flag 39
Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Te (2002) 212 CLR 162 Australia - Commonwealth circa 2002 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 68
Re Patrick [2002] FamCA 193; [2002] FLC 93-096; 168 FLR 6; (2002) 28 Fam LR 579 Family Court of Australia Australia 5 Apr 2002 AustLII flag 44
Re Patterson; Ex parte Taylor [2001] HCA 51; (2001) 207 CLR 391; 182 ALR 657; (2001) 64 ALD 545; (2001) 75 ALJR 1439; (2001) 22 Leg Rep 13 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 2001 AustLII flag 385
Scales v INS 232 F3d 1159 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 21 Nov 2000 WorldLII flag 12
Silk Bros Pty Ltd v State Electricity Commission (Vic) [1943] HCA 2; (1943) 67 CLR 1; [1943] ALR 142 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1943 AustLII flag 121
Singh v Commonwealth [2004] HCA 43; (2004) 222 CLR 322; (2004) 209 ALR 355; (2004) 78 ALJR 1383; 79 ALD 425 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Sep 2004 AustLII flag 215
Solis-Espinoza v Gonzales 401 F3d 1090 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 23 Mar 2005 WorldLII flag 4
Sovar v Henry Lane Pty Ltd [1967] HCA 31; (1967) 116 CLR 397; [1967] ALR 609; 41 ALJR 129 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 20 Sep 1967 AustLII flag 179
Stevens v Kabushiki Kaisha Sony Computer Entertainment [2005] HCA 58; (2005) 224 CLR 193; (2005) 221 ALR 448; (2005) 79 ALJR 1850; 65 IPR 513; [2005] AIPC 92-140 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 6 Oct 2005 AustLII flag 193
SZJXW v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2008] FCA 143; (2008) 170 FCR 574 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 28 Feb 2008 AustLII flag 2
Tobin v Tobin [1999] FamCA 446; 150 FLR 185; [1999] FLC 92-848; (1999) 24 Fam LR 635 Family Court of Australia Australia 13 May 1999 AustLII flag 37
VFAY v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2004] FCA 14; 134 FCR 402; 204 ALR 152; 78 ALD 765 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 21 Jan 2004 AustLII flag 6
X v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [1999] FCA 995; (1999) 92 FCR 524; (1999) 164 ALR 583; 57 ALD 45 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 23 Jul 1999 AustLII flag 38

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