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Ia Tangata A review of the protections in the Human Rights Act 1993 for people who are transgender, people who are non-binary and people who have an innate variation of sex characteristics   flag 

[2024] NZLCIP 53
New Zealand Law Commission - Issues Papers
New Zealand

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name Provision
Building Act 2004 (ACT) s118
Discrimination Act 1991 (ACT) s2, s7, s36
Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth)
Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) s4, s30
Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) s31A
Anti-Discrimination Act 1992 (NT) s30
Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s4, s7
Conveyancers Act (Vic)
Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (Vic) s26, s42
Equal Opportunity Act 1984 (Vic)
Equal Opportunity Act 1984 (WA)

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index † 
Civil and Political Rights (1966) 999 UNTS 171 International circa 1966 flag 1329
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) 1577 UNTS 3 International circa 1989 flag 525
San Antonio Independent School District v Rodriguez 411 US 1; 36 L Ed 2d 16; 93 SCt 1278; (1973) 41 USLW 4407 United States Supreme Court United States 23 Apr 1973 WorldLII flag 482
Auckland Shop Employees Union v Woolworths (NZ) Ltd [1985] 2 NZLR 372; [1985] ACJ 963 New Zealand 3 Apr 1985 NZLII flag 396
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) 993 UNTS 3 International circa 1966 flag 368
R v Hansen [2007] NZSC 7; [2007] 3 NZLR 1; (2007) 23 CRNZ 104; (2007) 8 HRNZ 222 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand circa 2007 NZLII flag 362
R (Carson) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions; R (Reynolds) v Same [2005] UKHL 37; [2006] 1 AC 173; [2005] 4 All ER 545; [2005] UKHRR 1185; [2005] HRLR 23; [2005] 2 WLR 1369; 18 BHRC 677; [2005] All ER (D) 397 House of Lords United Kingdom 26 May 2005 BAILII flag 295
Harksen v Lane [1997] ZACC 12; 1998 1 SA 300 Constitutional Court of South Africa South Africa 7 Oct 1997 SAFLII flag 254
Moonen v Film and Literature Board of Review [1999] NZCA 329; [2000] 2 NZLR 9; (1999) 5 HRNZ 224; (1999) 17 CRNZ 159 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 17 Dec 1999 NZLII flag 175
Quilter v Attorney-General [1997] NZCA 207; [1998] 1 NZLR 523; (1997) 2 CHRLD 206; (1997) 4 HRNZ 170; (1997) 16 FRNZ 298; (1997) 3 BHRC 461; [1998] NZFLR 196 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 17 Dec 1997 NZLII flag 137
Takamore v Clarke [2012] NZSC 116; [2013] 2 NZLR 733 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 18 Dec 2012 NZLII flag 121
Ministry of Health v Atkinson [2012] NZCA 184; [2012] 3 NZLR 456; (2012) 9 HRNZ 572 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 14 May 2012 NZLII flag 98
Attorney-General v Chapman [2011] NZSC 110; [2012] 1 NZLR 462; (2011) 9 HRNZ 257 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 16 Sep 2011 NZLII flag 93
Huakina Development Trust v Waikato Valley Authority [1987] NZHC 130; [1987] 2 NZLR 188; (1987) 12 NZTPA 129 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 2 Jun 1987 NZLII flag 88
David McAlister v Air New Zealand Lmited [2009] NZSC 78; [2010] 1 NZLR 153; (2009) 8 HRNZ 801; [2009] ERNZ 410; (2009) 9 NZELC 93,242; (2009) 6 NZELR 704 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 20 Jul 2009 NZLII flag 82
Law v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) [1999] 1 SCR 497; 170 DLR (4th) 1 Supreme Court of Canada Canada 25 Mar 1999 Supreme Court of Canada flag 81
Egan v Canada [1995] 2 SCR 513; (1995) 29 CRR (2d) 79; (1995) 124 DLR (4th) 609; (1995) 12 RFL (4th) 201; [1996] 2 CHRLD 182; 186 NR 161; 95 CLLC 210-025 Supreme Court of Canada Canada 25 May 1995 Supreme Court of Canada flag 79
Ellis v R (Continuance) [2022] NZSC 114; [2022] 1 NZLR 239 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand circa 2022 NZLII flag 75
Khosa v Minister of Social Development [2004] ZACC 11; 2004 6 SA 505 Constitutional Court of South Africa South Africa 4 Mar 2004 SAFLII flag 66
AL (Serbia) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] UKHL 42; [2008] 1 WLR 1434 House of Lords United Kingdom circa 2008 BAILII flag 64
Cropp v Judicial Committee [2008] NZSC 46; [2008] 3 NZLR 774 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 17 Jun 2008 NZLII flag 61
Coburn v Human Rights Commission [1994] 3 NZLR 323 New Zealand circa 1994 LexisNexis flag 49
New Health New Zealand Inc v South Taranaki District Council [2018] NZSC 59; [2018] 1 NZLR 948 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 27 Jun 2018 NZLII flag 45
Ngaronoa v Attorney-General [2017] NZCA 351; [2017] 3 NZLR 643 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 17 Aug 2017 NZLII flag 38
Attorney-General v Taylor [2018] NZSC 104; [2019] 1 NZLR 213; (2018) 11 HRNZ 574 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 9 Nov 2018 NZLII flag 37
Child Poverty Action Group Inc v Attorney-General [2013] NZCA 402; [2013] 3 NZLR 729; (2013) 9 HRNZ 742 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 30 Aug 2013 NZLII flag 35
Corbiere v Canada (Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs) [1999] 2 SCR 203 circa 1999 29
Moncrief-Spittle v Regional Facilities Auckland Ltd [2022] NZSC 138; [2022] 1 NZLR 459 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 5 Dec 2022 NZLII flag 24
Seales v Attorney-General [2015] NZHC 1239; [2015] 3 NZLR 556; (2015) 10 HRNZ 418 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 4 Jun 2015 NZLII flag 22
Chief Constable of the West Yorkshire Police v A (No 2) [2004] UKHL 21; [2005] 1 AC 51; [2004] 3 All ER 145; [2004] HRLR 25; [2004] UKHRR 694; [2004] IRLR 573; [2004] ICR 806; [2004] 2 WLR 1209 House of Lords United Kingdom 6 May 2004 BAILII flag 22
P v S [1996] ECR I-2143 Europe circa 1996 flag 20
DML v Montgomery [2014] NZHRRT 6 New Zealand Human Rights Review Tribunal New Zealand 12 Feb 2014 NZLII flag 15
Wall v Fairfax New Zealand Ltd [2018] NZHC 104; [2018] 2 NZLR 471; (2018) 11 HRNZ 373 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 12 Feb 2018 NZLII flag 11
Winther v Housing New Zealand Corporation [2010] NZCA 601; [2011] 1 NZLR 825; (2010) 12 NZCPR 293 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 9 Dec 2010 NZLII flag 10
Make It 16 Incorporated v Attorney-General [2022] NZSC 134; [2022] 1 NZLR 683 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 21 Nov 2022 NZLII flag 9
Marshall v IDEA Services Ltd (HDC Act) [2020] NZHRRT 9 New Zealand Human Rights Review Tribunal New Zealand 16 Mar 2020 NZLII flag 9
R (C) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2017] UKSC 72; [2017] 1 WLR 4127 United Kingdom Supreme Court United Kingdom 1 Nov 2017 BAILII flag 9
B v Waitemata District Health Board [2013] NZHC 1702; [2013] NZAR 937; [2013] FRNZ 186 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 8 Jul 2013 NZLII flag 9
R v Kapp [2008] 2 SCR 483 circa 2008 6
Robertson v Australian Ice Hockey Federation [1998] VADT 112 Victorian Anti-Discrimination Tribunal Australia - Victoria 26 Mar 1998 AustLII flag 6
Bullock v Department of Corrections [2008] NZHRRT 4 New Zealand Human Rights Review Tribunal New Zealand 19 Mar 2008 NZLII flag 5
"Is this a Public Law Case?" (2000) 31 Victoria University of Wellingtion Law Review 747 Victoria University of Wellingtion Law Review New Zealand circa 2000 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 5
"Dignity and Mana in the ‘ Third Law ’ of Aotearoa New Zealand" (2021) 29 New Zealand Universities Law Review 623 New Zealand Universities Law Review New Zealand circa 2021 Westlaw flag 4
Gay and Lesbian Clergy Anti-Discrimination Society Inc v Bishop of Auckland [2013] NZHRRT 36; (2013) 9 HRNZ 612 New Zealand Human Rights Review Tribunal New Zealand 17 Oct 2013 NZLII flag 4
"Why dignity rights matter" (2019) 2 European Human Rights Law Review 129 European Human Rights Law Review United Kingdom circa 2019 Westlaw flag 3
"Discrimination and Trans People: The Abandoned Proposal to Amend the Human Rights Act 1993" (2007) 5 New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law 301 New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law New Zealand circa 2007 HeinOnline / Westlaw flag 3
"What Makes Wrongful Discrimination Wrong? Biases, Preferences, Stereotypes, and Proxies" 141 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 149 University of Pennsylvania Law Review United States circa 2005 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 3
Goel v Barron [2022] NZHRRT 28 New Zealand Human Rights Review Tribunal New Zealand 16 Aug 2022 NZLII flag 2
Nelson v Goodberry Restaurant Group Ltd [2021] BCHRT 137 British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal Canada - British Columbia circa 2021 CanLII flag 2
"Equality Jurisprudence in Canada" (2019) 17 New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law 127 New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law New Zealand circa 2019 HeinOnline / Westlaw flag 2
Oger v Whatcott (No 7) [2019] BCHRT 58; 94 CHRR D/222 British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal Canada - British Columbia circa 2019 CanLII flag 2
"A Compromised Balance? A Comparative Examination of Exceptions to Age Discrimination Law in Australia and the UK" (2018) 41 Melbourne University Law Review 1085 Melbourne University Law Review Australia circa 2018 AustLII flag 2
Dawson v Vancouver Police Board [2015] BCHRT 54 British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal Canada - British Columbia circa 2015 CanLII flag 2
"No Man's Land': Non-binary Sex Identification in Australian Law and Policy" (2014) 37 University of New South Wales Law Journal 847 University of New South Wales Law Journal Australia circa 2014 AustLII flag 2
"A Private Underworld: The Naked Body in Law and Society" (2013) 61 Buffalo Law Review 169 Buffalo Law Review United States circa 2013 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 2
Waters v British Columbia (Ministry of Health Services) [2003] BCHRT 13; 46 CHRR 139 British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal Canada - British Columbia circa 2003 CanLII flag 2
(1977) 411 NZPD 1246 (1977) 411 NZPD 1246 New Zealand circa 1977 flag 2
(1977) 411 NZPD 1477 (1977) 411 NZPD 1477 New Zealand circa 1977 flag 2
VVR v Trustee for Ironfish Property Management Melbourne Unit Trust 73299113275 (Human Rights) [2024] VCAT 222 Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Australia - Victoria 13 Mar 2024 AustLII flag 1
[2023] So 313 [2023] So 313 United States circa 2023 flag 1
Hansman v Neufeld [2023] SCC 14; (2023) 481 DLR (4th) 218 Supreme Court of Canada Canada circa 2023 flag 1
Bilac v Abbey [2023] CHRT 43 Canadian Human Rights Tribunal Canada circa 2023 CanLII flag 1
R (AA) v National Health Service Commissioning Board [2023] EWHC 43 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2023 BAILII flag 1
Matthews v Newberry's Funeral Home Ltd [2022] NZERA 345 New Zealand Employment Relations Authority New Zealand 26 Jul 2022 NZLII flag 1
Mackereth v Department for Work and Pensions [2022] EAT 99 England and Wales Employment Appeals Tribunal United Kingdom - England and Wales 29 Jun 2022 BAILII flag 1
Bostock v Clayton County ” (2022) 97 Washington Law Review (Seattle) 1149 Washington Law Review (Seattle) United States - Washington circa 2022 flag 1
"Feminism, Trans Justice, and Speech Rights: A Comparative Perspective" (2022) 85 Law and Contemporary Problems 215 Law and Contemporary Problems United States circa 2022 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
"Transgender Athletes and International Sports Policy" (2022) 85 Law and Contemporary Problems 151 Law and Contemporary Problems United States circa 2022 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Centre for Gender Advocacy v The Attorney General of Qu é bec [2021] QCCS 191; 481 CRR (2d) 273 Superior Court Canada - Quebec circa 2021 CanLII flag 1
(2021) 106 Cornell Law Review 1601 (2021) 106 Cornell Law Review 1601 Cornell Law Review United States circa 2021 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
"Intersex: cultural and social perspectives" (2021) 23 Culture Health and Sexuality 431 Culture, Health and Sexuality circa 2021 1
EN v Gallagher ’ s Bar and Lounge [2021] HRTO 240 Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario Canada - Ontario circa 2021 CanLII flag 1
"When Trans Rights Are Disability Rights: The Promises and Perils of Seeking Gender Dysphoria Coverage under the Americans with Disabilities Act" (2020) 43 Harvard Journal of Law and Gender 137 Harvard Journal of Law and Gender United States circa 2020 flag 1
"The Majestic Equality of Disenfranchisement: Assessing the Right to Freedom from Discrimination in Light of the Ngaronoa Litigation" (2020) 51 Victoria University of Wellingtion Law Review 27 Victoria University of Wellingtion Law Review New Zealand circa 2020 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
"Sexual Privacy" (2019) 128 Yale Law Journal 1870 Yale Law Journal United States circa 2019 HeinOnline / Westlaw flag 1
"The Symmetry Principle" (2017) 58 Boston College Law Review 1085 Boston College Law Review United States circa 2017 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Lewis v Sugar Daddys Nightclub [2016] HRTO 347; 83 CHRR D/111 Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario Canada - Ontario circa 2016 CanLII flag 1
Barksey v Four Corners Medical Walk In Clinic/Northwood Medical Clinics Inc [2016] HRTO 1116 Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario Canada - Ontario circa 2016 CanLII flag 1
Browne v Sudbury Integrated Nickel Operations [2016] HRTO 62 Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario Canada - Ontario circa 2016 CanLII flag 1
Jacobsen v Zhou [2015] NZHRRT 38 New Zealand Human Rights Review Tribunal New Zealand 3 Sep 2015 NZLII flag 1
(2015) 703 NZPD 2185 (2015) 703 NZPD 2185 New Zealand circa 2015 flag 1
CF v Alberta (Vital Statistics) [2014] ABQB 237 Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta Canada - Alberta circa 2014 CanLII flag 1
Brodeur v Ontario (Health and Long-Term Care) [2013] HRTO 1229 Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario Canada - Ontario circa 2013 CanLII flag 1
XY v Ontario (Government and Consumer Services) [2012] HRTO 726 Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario Canada - Ontario circa 2012 CanLII flag 1
"Reclaiming the past to inform the future: Contemporary views of Maori sexuality" (2007) 9 Culture Health and Sexuality 415 Culture, Health and Sexuality circa 2007 1
Hogan v Ontario (Minister of Health & Long-Term Care) [2006] HRTO 32 Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario Canada - Ontario circa 2006 CanLII flag 1
Canada (Attorney General) v Canada (Human Rights Commission) [2003] FCT 89; 228 FTR 231 Fedeal Court of Canada Canada circa 2003 CanLII flag 1
Kavanagh v Canada (Attorney General) (2001) 41 CHRR D/119 Canada circa 2001 flag 1
Sheridan v Sanctuary Investments Ltd [1999] BCHRT 4; 33 CHRR D/467 British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal Canada - British Columbia circa 1999 CanLII flag 1
(1993) 537 NZPD 16904 (1993) 537 NZPD 16904 New Zealand circa 1993 flag 1
(1993) 536 NZPD 16908 (1993) 536 NZPD 16908 New Zealand circa 1993 flag 1
(1993) 536 NZPD 16911 (1993) 536 NZPD 16911 New Zealand circa 1993 flag 1
(1993) 537 NZPD 16905 (1993) 537 NZPD 16905 New Zealand circa 1993 flag 1
(1993) 537 NZPD 16908 (1993) 537 NZPD 16908 New Zealand circa 1993 flag 1
(1993) 537 NZPD 16912 (1993) 537 NZPD 16912 New Zealand circa 1993 flag 1
(1993) 537 NZPD 16943 (1993) 537 NZPD 16943 New Zealand circa 1993 flag 1
(1993) 537 NZPD 16951 (1993) 537 NZPD 16951 New Zealand circa 1993 flag 1
(1993) 537 NZPD 16965 (1993) 537 NZPD 16965 New Zealand circa 1993 flag 1
(1992) 532 NZPD 13213 (1992) 532 NZPD 13213 New Zealand circa 1992 flag 1
(1977) 412 NZPD 2294 (1977) 412 NZPD 2294 New Zealand circa 1977 flag 1
(1977) 411 NZPD 1474 (1977) 411 NZPD 1474 New Zealand circa 1977 flag 1
(1977) 411 NZPD 1475 (1977) 411 NZPD 1475 New Zealand circa 1977 flag 1
(1977) 413 NZPD 2387 (1977) 413 NZPD 2387 New Zealand circa 1977 flag 1
(1976) 408 NZPD 4687 (1976) 408 NZPD 4687 New Zealand circa 1976 flag 1
Meriweather v Hartop 992 F3d 492 United States circa 2020 Westlaw flag 1
Grimm v Gloucester County School Board 972 F3d 586 United States Westlaw flag 1
Whitaker v Kenosha Unified School District 858 F3d 1034 United States circa 2020 Westlaw flag 1
Fields v Smith 712 FSupp 2d 830 United States circa 2020 Westlaw flag 1
Bostock v Clayton County 590 US 644 United States Supreme Court United States circa 2020 Westlaw flag 1
Eller v Prince George ’ s County Public Schools 580 FSupp 3d 154 United States circa 2020 Westlaw flag 1
Doe v Triangle Doughnuts LLC 472 FSupp 3d 115 United States circa 2020 Westlaw flag 1
Tay v Dennison 457 FSupp 3d 657 United States circa 2020 Westlaw flag 1
Roberts v Clark County School District 215 FSupp 3d 1001 United States circa 2020 Westlaw flag 1
Kadel v Folwell 100 F 122 circa 2020 1
R (on the application of Castellucci) v Gender Recognition Panel [2024] EWHC 54 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2024 BAILII flag
R(Green) v Secretary of State for Justice [2013] EWHC 3491 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2013 BAILII flag
R v Oakes [1986] CanLII 46 Canada circa 1986 CanLII flag

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